Bilah–Panai Malay
| Bilah–Panai Malay | |
|---|---|
| Labuhanbatu Malay | |
| Bahaso Melayu Bilah–Panai | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Bilah Malays Panai Malays |
Native speakers | 513,000[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Latin Jawi | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
 Areas where varieties of East Sumatran Malay (incl. Bilah–Panai Malay) are spoken by the majority of the population
Areas where varieties of East Sumatran Malay (incl. Bilah–Panai Malay) are spoken by a minority of the population | |
Bilah–Panai Malay or Labuhanbatu Malay is a dialect of Malay language spoken in the former territories of Bilah Sultanate and Panai Sultanate which are currently administratively located in Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra. This dialect has a slight difference from other Malay dialects on the east coast of North Sumatra where the letter [r] is pronounced nasally so that it sounds like the sound [gh].
Usage
[edit]Bilah–Panai Malay is spoken by approximately 513,000 speakers from Labuhanbatu Regency.[1] The speakers are divided into two sub-ethnics, namely Bilah Malays and Panai Malays.[2] There is not much difference between them, the names are only based on the history of the region in which they live, for example the Bilah Malays is a population that inhabits the former Bilah Sultanate,[3] while the Panai Malays is a population that inhabits the former Panai Sultanate.[4] Linguistically and culturally, they are basically identical, almost indistinguishable.
Not only used by the Malay people, this language is also a bass for the multiethnic community in Labuhanbatu, such as the Javanese who are the majority, then the Batak peoples, especially the Toba Batak, Angkola–Mandailing, as well as the Minangkabau, and other ethnic groups.[5] However, from year to year, the use of this language continues to decline, replaced by Indonesian language as the more commonly used everyday language. Most speakers of Bilah–Panai Malay are currently only found in coastal areas inhabited by Malay people.[6]
Dialects
[edit]In general, Labuhanbatu Malay can be divided into two dialects: the Bilah dialect and the Panai dialect.
Bilah dialect
[edit]The Bilah dialect is spoken in the districts of Pangkatan, Bilah Hulu, West Bilah, and Rantau Prapat. The distribution area is around the Bilah River. In Rantau Prapat, which is the district capital, the languages used are more diverse, other languages are also used, such as Indonesian, Angkola–Mandailing, Toba, and Javanese. This also influences the Malay language used there to be more diverse in its vocabulary through absorption from other languages.[7]
Panai dialect
[edit]The Panai dialect is spoken in the districts of Panai Hilir, Panai Hulu, Central Panai, and Bilah Hilir. The population living in these 4 districts is 181,302 people, with a percentage of 36.70% of the population of Labuhanbatu Regency (Labuhanbatu Regency Central Statistics Agency, 2023). Its distribution area is around the Barumun River.[8]
Oral literatures
[edit]The following are some oral literatures in Bilah–Panai Malay:[9]
- Pilandok Takial-kial
- Aji Kahar
- Sikantan
- Ikan Teghubok
- Raja Sulung
- Tengku Raden
- Asal Muasal Labuhanbatu
- Asal Muasal Kotapinang
Vocabulary
[edit]The following is vocabulary that is commonly used in the Bilah–Panai Malay, as well as its comparison with Indonesian.
| Gloss | Bilah–Panai Malay | Indonesian | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| exist | ado | ada | [10] |
| no | indak | tidak | |
| from | daghi | dari | |
| think | kigha | kira, pikir | |
| see | tengok | lihat | |
| age | umugh | umur | |
| father | ayah | ayah | |
| mother | amak | ibu |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2025" (Visual). www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id (in Indonesian). 31 August 2025. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
- ^ Aiyub (1999). Struktur Bahasa Melayu Dialek Panai (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. ISBN 979-459-978-6. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
- ^ Rambe, Sabda Firmansyah; Rohani, Laila; Batubara, Abdul Karim (2022). "Sejarah Kesultanan Bilah pada Masa Kolonial Belanda, 1865–1942". Warisan: Journal of History and Culture Heritage (in Indonesian). 3 (1). Medan, Indonesia: Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara: 25–32. doi:10.34007/warisan.v3i1.1215. ISSN 2746-3265. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
- ^ Ansari, Zuldi; An-Nadwi, Sori Monang (2024). "Dinamika Kesultanan Panai Tahun 1862–1946". Mutiara: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Karya Ilmiah (in Indonesian). 2 (3). Medan, Indonesia: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara. doi:10.59059/mutiara.v2i2.1194 (inactive 14 September 2025). ISSN 2988-3148. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link) - ^ Lubis, Aswadi; Hadamaean, Barkah; Amran, Ali; Siregar, Budi Gautama (2023). "Pemberdayaan Potensi Adat dan Budaya Dalam Meningkatkan Kehidupan Moderasi Beragama". Tazkir: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Dan Keislaman (in Indonesian). 9 (2). Padangsidimpuan, Indonesia: IAIN Padangsidimpuan. doi:10.24952/tazkir.v9i2 (inactive 14 September 2025). ISSN 2442-7004. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link) - ^ "Bahasa Minoritas di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu". simadanews.com (in Indonesian). Simada News. 13 July 2025. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
- ^ "Bahasa Yang Jadi Minoritas Di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu". www.intennews.com (in Indonesian). Inten News. 12 July 2025. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
- ^ Dar, Muhammad Halmi; Hasibuan, Mila Nirmala Sari; Nasution, Fitri Aini (2023). "Penerapan Natural Language Processing dalam Pembuatan Aplikasi Penerjemah Bahasa Melayu Dialek Panai – Bahasa Indonesia". Jurnal Informatika (in Indonesian). 11 (3). Labuhanbatu, Indonesia: Manajemen Informatika, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Labuhanbatu: 177–186. doi:10.36987/informatika.v11i3.5887. ISSN 2615-1855. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
- ^ Tim Bahasa Balai Bahasa Sumatera Utara (2016). Bungai Rampai Cerita rakyat Labuhanbatu - Terjemahan dalam Tiga Bahasa: Melayu, Indonesia dan Inggris (in Indonesian). Medan, Indonesia. ISBN 978-602-9172-23-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Syarfina, Tengku; Nasution, Chairani (2024). Nasution, Fina Mardiana (ed.). Kamus Melayu Bilah Panai – Inggris – Indonesia (in Indonesian). Medan, Indonesia: CV Kencana Emas Sejahtera.