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2025 Myanmar earthquake

Coordinates: 21°59′46″N 95°55′34″E / 21.996°N 95.926°E / 21.996; 95.926
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2025 Myanmar earthquake
Earthquake damage in Mandalay
USGS ShakeMap
UTC time2025-03-28 06:20:52
ISC event643071319
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date28 March 2025 (2025-3-28)
Local time12:50:52 MMT (UTC+6:30)
Duration85 seconds
MagnitudeMw 7.7
Depth10 km (6 mi)
Epicenter21°59′46″N 95°55′34″E / 21.996°N 95.926°E / 21.996; 95.926
FaultSagaing Fault
TypeStrike-slip, supershear
Areas affectedMyanmar, Thailand, Southwestern China, Vietnam
Max. intensityMMI IX (Violent)
Aftershocks169+ recorded
Strongest: Mww 6.7[1]
Casualties3,780+ fatalities, 4,610+ injuries, 780+ missing

On 28 March 2025 at 12:50:52 MMT (06:20:52 UTC), a Mw 7.7 earthquake struck the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, with an epicenter close to Mandalay, the country's second-largest city. The strike-slip shock achieved a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).[2] It was the most powerful earthquake to strike Myanmar since 1912,[3] and the second deadliest in Myanmar's modern history, surpassed only by upper estimates of the 1930 Bago earthquake.[4] The earthquake caused extensive damage in Myanmar and significant damage in neighboring Thailand. Hundreds of homes were also damaged in Yunnan, China, while more than 300 apartments were affected in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The earthquake has resulted in more than 3,750 deaths in Myanmar (according to highest death toll counts) and 26 in Thailand.[5][6] More than 4,610 people were injured. Hundreds more were reported missing, including at a collapsed construction site in Bangkok, whose shallow geology makes it more vulnerable to seismic waves from far away and increases the city's susceptibility to earthquake-related impacts.[7][8] Authorities in both Myanmar and Thailand declared a state of emergency.[9][10] As the earthquake struck during Friday prayer hours, collapsing mosques resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Muslims.[11] The ongoing civil war in Myanmar has exacerbated the difficulty of disaster relief and info exposure.[12][13] It is the deadliest earthquake globally since the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes.[14]

Tectonic setting

The Sagaing Fault can be divided into segments
Further information: Sagaing Fault and Geology of Myanmar

Myanmar is wedged between four tectonic plates (the Indian, Eurasian, Sunda, and Burma plates) that interact in active geological processes. Along the west coast of the Coco Islands, off the Rakhine coast, and into Bangladesh, is a highly oblique convergent boundary known as the Sunda megathrust. This large fault marks the boundary between the Indian and Burma plates. The megathrust emerges from the seafloor in Bangladesh, where it runs parallel and east of the Chin Hills. This boundary continues to north of Myanmar where it ends at the eastern Himalayas.[15]

A 1,400-kilometre (870 mi) transform fault runs through Myanmar and connects the Andaman spreading center to a collision zone in the north. Called the Sagaing Fault, it is a boundary between the Burma and Sunda plates as they slide past each other at 18–49 mm (0.71–1.93 in) per year. It is Myanmar's largest and most active source of earthquakes, running through or close to major cities including Yangon, Naypyidaw, and Mandalay. Large and damaging earthquakes occurred along the fault in May and December 1930 (Ms  7.3 & 7.5) 1931 (Ms  7.5), 1946 (Mw  7.3 & 7.7), 1956 (Ms  7.0), 1991 (Mw  6.9) and 2012 (Mw  6.9).[16] The magnitudes of earthquakes on the Sagaing Fault vary across the fault zone from Mw  7.0 to 8.0. The recurrence interval also varies depending on the location along the fault; its southern segments, which ruptured in 1930, have return periods of 100–150 years based on paleoseismological studies.[15]

Destructive earthquakes have affected the area for centuries, but academic research has been limited. Most earthquakes in Myanmar, including large surface rupturing events, are thus not well understood. A large Mw  8.5–8.8 earthquake in 1762 ruptured a section of the Sunda megathrust off the Rakhine coast. That earthquake may have been caused by the Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma plate along the megathrust. Remnants of the subducted Indian plate beneath central Myanmar also cause intraslab earthquakes; one example is the 1975 Bagan earthquake (Mw  7.0) which occurred depth of 120 km (75 mi).[15]

According to a study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, the Sagaing Fault can be divided into two regions; the northern and southern sections. The Sagaing Fault between 16.5 and 23.5 degrees north latitude is defined as the southern section. It is further divided into five segments from south to north; the Bago, Pyu, Naypyidaw, Meiktila, and Sagaing segments. The Naypyidaw segment is characterised by two parallel faults running for 70 km (43 mi) with parts of them located beneath the capital city, Naypyidaw. The last recorded earthquake was in 1929 with a magnitude smaller than 7.0. The 220 km (140 mi) long Meiktila segment extends between Mandalay and Naypyidaw and is characterised as a linear feature. The nearly flat topography across this segment suggest the slip component is entirely horizontal. This segment has not experienced any major earthquakes, although it possibly ruptured during the 1839 Ava earthquake. The Sagaing segment is also another linear segment that runs parallel to the Irrawaddy River. The northern part of this segment ruptured during one of the mainshocks in the 1946 Sagaing earthquakes, while the 1956 Sagaing earthquake ruptured the southern strand.[17]

This earthquake also affected Thailand, with damage primarily concentrated in the Bangkok region, about 1,000 km (620 mi) away from the epicenter. Bangkok's geology, characterised by a top layer of soft marine clay, renders its emerging high-rises vulnerable to distant, powerful earthquakes, as the ubiquitous clay layer contributes to local site effects amplifying long-period ground motion which in turn can match the resonant frequency of tall buildings.[8][18][19] Occupants in Bangkok have often felt effects from earthquakes centered many hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away. Research headed by Pennung Warnitchai of the Asian Institute of Technology had previously identified the Sagaing Fault as a potential risk, if a magnitude-8.0 earthquake were to occur in the Andaman Sea, 400 km (250 mi) from the city, resulting in future disaster.[20][21] For preventing catastrophic effects in skyscrapers, elementary seismic considerations were only added to the building code in 2007, with older structures being particularly dangerous.[18]

Earthquake

Further information: List of aftershocks of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake
Mw 7.7 finite fault
Distribution of slip across the rupture
Surface projection of finite fault model- M 7.7 – 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) Earthquake

The earthquake occurred at 12:50:52 MMT, with its epicenter located in Sagaing Township near the Sagaing–Mandalay border region, 14 km (8.7 mi) north-northwest of Sagaing city and 16 km (9.9 mi) west of Mandalay, Myanmar's second largest city. It measured 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS),[2] while the Thai Meteorological Department put the magnitude at 8.2.[22] Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris placed the earthquake's moment magnitude at 7.9.[23]

It is the largest earthquake with an epicenter in Myanmar since the 1912 Maymyo earthquake (which had an Mw  of 7.9).[24] The focal mechanism solution indicated it occurred due to strike-slip faulting at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi). The type of faulting is consistent with rupture on the Sagaing Fault. According to a finite fault model released by the USGS, the earthquake rupture extended more than 460 km (290 mi) by 20 km (12 mi) from Singu in Mandalay to Pyu in Bago. From the epicenter the rupture propagated more than 75 km (47 mi) to the north and terminated just south of Singu. About 420 km (260 mi) of the rupture occurred to the south where it terminated at Pyu. Most of the slip which exceeded 1 m (3 ft 3 in) was concentrated between Singu and Oktwin while less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) of slip occurred beneath Pyu and further south. A gap with an apparent lack of slip exists between Naypyidaw and Pyu which the USGS attribute to a lack of observations. A maximum slip of 4.3334 m (14.217 ft) was recorded southeast of the hypocenter, between Sagaing and Amarapura. The entire rupture process took just over 80 seconds with the greatest phase of seismic moment release occurring about 30 seconds after initiation. The rupture is thought to have propagated at speeds in excess of the shear wave velocity, making this an example of a supershear earthquake.[2]

The earthquake was followed by more than 236 aftershocks by 10:00 ICT on 1 April, according to the Thai Meteorological Department. These aftershocks were recorded in Myanmar and nearby regions including seven events between magnitude 5.0 and 5.9. There were also seven aftershocks recorded in Mae Hong Son with magnitudes of 1.5 to 2.4.[25] The largest aftershock measured Mww 6.7 and occurred 12 minutes after the mainshock with a hypocenter beneath Mandalay International Airport. This aftershock also had a focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip faulting.[1]

A 2011 study by Nobuo Hurukawa and Phyo Maung Maung in Geophysical Research Letters identified two seismic gaps along the Sagaing Fault. One of these gaps is located in central Myanmar between 19.2 degrees north and 21.5 degrees north, corresponding to the Meiktila segment. The pair concluded that this 260 km (160 mi) gap could produce a magnitude 7.9 earthquake if it completely ruptures.[26] The Meiktila and Sagaing segment (to the north) may have been the source of the 1839 Ava earthquake. It is believed to have ruptured 285–325 km (177–202 mi) of the fault on both segments. A study of the seismic intensity distribution suggest the estimated magnitude of the 1839 event was 7.9.[27] Seismologists Judith Hubbard and Kyle Bradley said this seismic gap is located between the 1929 (Naypyidaw semgent) and 1956 (southern Sagaing segment) ruptures. The pair said this earthquake may have partially ruptured the seismic gap based on their analysis of the preliminary finite fault model by the USGS. The rupture extent corresponded with the Meiktila and Sagaing segments and overlapped with the rupture extent of the 1839 earthquake. The fault extent involved in the Mw  7.1 earthquake in 1956 also seemed to have moved during the 28 March 2025 event. They estimated that the 28 March 2025 rupture terminates in the north just south of the 2012 Shwebo earthquake rupture (which occurred on the central Sagaing segment).[28]

Several earthquakes of lower magnitudes hit the country through March leading up to this earthquake. In the first week of March alone, eight earthquakes hit Yangon, Ayeyarwaddy Region, and Shan State, causing public concern.[29]

Intensity

According to a USGS simulation, the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI IX (violent) in areas of Mandalay, Sagaing, Bago, and Naypyidaw close to the rupture area; an estimated 2.68 million people were exposed to MMI IX shaking overall. The MMI also reached VII (very strong) was recorded in Kayin and Shan and Magway, and VI (strong) in the administrative divisions of Yangon, Kachin, Mon, Kayah and Ayeyarwady. MMI V (moderate) was recorded in Bangkok and Chiang Mai in Thailand, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in China, and Imphal in India. Overall, the vast majority of Myanmar's population was estimated to be exposed to shaking levels of at least MMI V (moderate) and nearly 24.27 million people, or nearly half of the country's population, were estimated to have been exposed to shaking levels exceeding MMI VI (strong) in 12 of the 15 administrative divisions.[a][2] In Thailand, shaking was felt in 63 of the country's 77 provinces.[30]

Impact

See also: List of populated places affected by the 2025 Myanmar earthquake
Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Missing
 Myanmar c.3,750 c.4,570 c.700+
 Thailand 26 34 78
 China 0 2 0
Total c.3,780 c.4,610 c.780+

In Myanmar

Partially-collapsed building in Naypyidaw.

The number of casualties in Myanmar varies across different sources. According to data compiled by the Democratic Voice of Burma, more than 3,750 people died, 700 were missing and 4,570 more were injured.[5] Mizzima News reported a death toll of more than 3,340 while nearly 3,300 were injured.[31] The National Unity Government reported more than 2,400 deaths,[32] while Myanmar's junta said more than 2,710 died, 441 were missing and 4,520 others were injured.[33] Deaths occurred in the administrative areas of Mandalay, Naypyidaw, Sagaing, Shan, Bago and Kayin.[34][35] The Myanmar Red Cross estimated that around 50,000 families had been directly affected.[36]

Phone and internet infrastructure was disrupted nationwide.[37] Casualty estimates in rural areas remained scarce.[38] The National Unity Government of Myanmar said at least 13,411 residential buildings, 280 religious buildings, 43 roads and bridges were badly damaged or destroyed across the country.[39] The All Myanmar Islamic Religious Organization estimated at least 250 people died as over 50 mosques collapsed during Friday prayer time.[40] The Spring Revolution Myanmar Muslim Network estimated that 700 Muslim worshippers were killed in Mandalay and Sagaing across at least 60 damaged mosques.[11] The junta said 670 Buddhist monasteries and 290 pagodas had been damaged.[41]

In Mandalay Region, more than 1,790 died,[34] 1,670 were injured, over 1,000 were left missing and half of all buildings in Mandalay city were thought to have been severely damaged or destroyed.[42][43] At Mandalay International Airport, ceilings collapsed and some damage occurred in the basement.[44] Buildings at the campus of Mandalay University collapsed or caught fire with many trapped inside.[45] Another massive blaze in Sein Pan neighborhood nearly reduced the entire place to the ground.[46] The Dokhtawaddy Bridge crossing the Myitnge River on the Yangon–Mandalay Expressway near Inwa also collapsed with supporting pylons falling down. Reportedly some vehicles were on the bridge at the time of the earthquake and fell into the river, though no casualties have been confirmed yet.[47] All 40 mosques in Mandalay were damaged, 10 of which collapsed, resulting in more than 400 deaths, including 150 at the Amarapura Mosque alone.[48] Some mosques affected were over a century old and had not been allowed to be repaired since 1962.[40][49] Several monks were killed and injured when a monastery collapsed in the city.[50][51] Over 600 monks were trapped beneath the collapsed U Hla Thein Temple while they were taking examinations, 80 of whom died.[52] The 12-storey Sky Villa condominium building in Aungmyethazan Township progressively collapsed, killing nine people and trapping 90 more.[53][54] Roads in Mandalay were left "in complete darkness" at night, with residents unable to access utilities such as power and running water. Some people reportedly found shelter from the almost 40°C heat in the shade of trees in lieu of staying indoors for fear of aftershocks.[55]

In Maha Aungmye Township, a two-story tea shop collapsed, trapping around 70 people. Additionally, a three-story car accessories store also collapsed in Pyigyidagun Township, trapping more than 10 employees,[56] and in the same township, a building under construction was razed, killing eight and trapping many others.[57] More than 400 people were killed and 1,000 more were injured in Pyawbwe Township, where most buildings were destroyed.[58][59] In the township, a five-story Kanbawza Bank building collapsed, killing all 40 people inside.[60] The Maha Aungmye Bonzan Monastery was also destroyed.[61] Mandalay Palace and the Mahamuni Pagoda also suffered significant structural damage.[62] A dam was also reported to have collapsed in Mandalay, causing flooding, while sections of the Mandalay-Yangon highway were damaged.[63] In Yamethin, more than 200 deaths and many missing persons were reported.[64][65] More than a dozen children were killed when a 100-year old school collapsed in the township.[31]

In Meiktila, houses and religious buildings suffered structural collapse.[66] At least 28 deaths and 166 injuries were recorded in the city.[64][67] Search and rescue teams reported 100 fatalities in the village of Bone Oe.[38] In Wundwin Township, 51 deaths were reported[64] and at least 30 died in Singu Township when a mine collapsed.[68] Homes and pagodas were also razed in Madaya Township.[66] At least 107 people died in Kyaukse Township,[64] including 40 students and nine teachers who died in Kyaukse town after a school collapsed.[69][70]

In Sagaing city, almost 600 fatalities were reported by a rescue worker[71] and 90 percent of structures were destroyed.[72][73][74] Much of the Ava Bridge collapsed.[75] The city's fire station also collapsed, hampering relief efforts and trapping many.[76] Out of the five mosques in Sagaing, four collapsed due to the earthquake.[49] The Min Street Mosque is feared to have collapsed with over 100 people inside. Several monastic schools and a nunnery in the city were also damaged, likely killing people in the hundreds and trapping over 900 monks across four schools.[77] Historic temples in resistance-held Chaung-U Township, southwest Sagaing Region were damaged by the earthquake.[78] In Mingun, 20 people were killed by a collapsing military bunker and the nearby Hsinbyume Pagoda was also largely destroyed.[79] Over 100 were also killed in Tada-U Township[80] and the town of Shwebo recorded two fatalities.[81]

In Zabuthiri Township, part of the Naypyidaw Union Territory, 204 deaths were reported; a number of the people killed were civil servants who died when their apartments collapsed in several complexes.[82][83] In many of these housing complexes, the ground floor collapsed, killing their inhabitants.[83] Offices of the rescue, information, home affairs, labour, foreign affairs, defense, and agriculture and irrigation ministries were also severely damaged and 20 bodies were found among the ruins.[83] At least 80 deaths were confirmed in Naypyidaw city.[84] The air traffic control tower of Nay Pyi Taw International Airport collapsed, killing six people[85] and reportedly leaving no survivors in the aftermath.[86] Roads buckled while ceilings partially collapsed in the city.[87] Several homes and religious shrines were also damaged.[63] Officials at a 1,000-bed hospital say hundreds of injured people arrived,[88] including 20 who died.[45] The roof of that hospital's emergency room had collapsed.[55] The military headquarters, parliament buildings and official housing buildings were heavily damaged,[89] with several government buildings collapsing, killing the permanent secretary of the labour ministry and several other senior foreign officials.[45] The Defence Services Museum and the National Museum in Naypyidaw also sustained damage.[90][87] Eighty-six bodies were discovered beneath the rubble of several collapsed buildings and monasteries in Pyinmana.[91] Numerous military buildings in Naypyidaw collapsed, killing 100 soldiers.[92]

Nearly 100 deaths were reported in Nyaungshwe Township in Shan State; many were reported in the 19 villages built on the shores of Inle Lake and 2,790 houses were damaged.[93][94] In Kayla, a village with more than 1,000 households, at least 75 percent of it was destroyed and 42 residents died.[95][93] The villages of Zayatgyi and Seong Wa Gyi also reported major destruction. A local charity group said many people died from home collapses or electrocution. Fifty-one bodies were taken to a hospital but some could not be recovered as they were trapped underwater.[95] In Aungban, 11 people were killed and 25 others were rescued after a six-storey hotel collapsed; six members of the same family were among the dead.[96] Jet fighters en route for an aerial bombing campaign against Danu People's Liberation Army positions during the earthquake dropped bombs at 12:55pm MMT in Nawnghkio Township causing further damage to affected villages and killing seven soldiers minutes after the first earthquake.[78][97]

In Taungoo Township, Bago, 40 miners were killed by a collapsing mine.[98] A school collapse in the township killed five children while 14 more were killed by a collapsing mosque.[99] Another school serving as a shelter for displaced people collapsed, trapping more than 20 people.[100] More than 160 people were killed in Pyay Township.[59] In Pyu, four members of a family died when a wall of their home toppled.[101] A local resident reported one death, 10 injuries and more than 50 damaged houses in the village of Ywa Ma Pai in Oktwin Township.[102]

Two deaths and building damage were reported in Karen National Union-controlled villages in Kyaukki and Shwegyin townships.[35] In Yangon, minor damage occurred, some buildings were tilted and phone lines were downed.[103] Power outages occurred, with the electricity supply in Yangon being limited to four hours daily.[104]

Several foreign nationals were also killed, injured or reported missing following the earthquake in Myanmar. The Chinese embassy said at least three of its nationals were among the dead while 15 others were injured.[105][106] A French couple travelling in Mandalay were also killed by falling debris.[107] The Taiwanese foreign ministry said that a Taiwanese tourist was trapped in a collapsed hotel in Mandalay.[108] Four Filipino migrant workers also went missing,[109] including a couple who were trapped in the Sky Villa condominium in Mandalay.[110] A Japanese resident was reported missing in Mandalay, and is believed by the Japanese embassy to have been trapped at their collapsed residence.[111]

In Thailand

Further information: 2025 Bangkok skyscraper collapse
A dashcam still of the State Audit Office building in Bangkok collapsing

In Thailand, the earthquake caused at least 26 deaths and 33 injuries in the capital city of Bangkok,[112][6] and one injury in Nonthaburi province.[30] Most fatalities and all the missing persons occurred when an under-construction skyscraper collapsed. The earthquake was felt in 63 of Thailand's 77 provinces (including Bangkok), with damage reported in 18 provinces, mostly in the north and around Bangkok.[30]

The collapsed building was a 33-story office tower being built for the State Audit Office in Chatuchak district. The disaster resulted in 19 confirmed worker deaths[113] and 18 injuries, while 78 remained unaccounted for, as of 18:00 on 30 March.[6] (Earlier reports noted 68 who received medical attention.[114]) Some victims of the collapse were believed to be migrant workers from Myanmar.[115] Seven further deaths and 15 injuries occurred elsewhere in the city:[6] a crane operator died and four people were injured when a crane collapsed at a construction site in the Bang Pho area,[116] one construction worker was crushed by a falling concrete slab in Khan Na Yao District,[117] and five people died trying to evacuate from tall buildings, including two later in hospital.[6] Three people were injured when an elevator failed,[118] and another crane collapse in Din Daeng injured four and damaged the Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway's Din Daeng toll plaza, forcing its closure.[6][119]

Two sudden deaths, possibly from heart attacks, were also reported, in Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan provinces,[120][121] though these have not been officially confirmed to be related to the earthquake.

People evacuating from a Central Department Store in Khet Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, Thailand

Deputy Prime Minister Phumtham Wechayachai described the shaking as unprecedented in Bangkok in the past 100 years.[122] It caused marked swaying in high-rise buildings, triggering widespread panic among occupants, many of whom rushed to exit into the streets. Most buildings were evacuated, and public venues closed down. All rapid transit lines were suspended, and some roads were closed.[123] Road traffic came to a stand-still, and remained severely congested into the night.[124] After all other rapid transit lines reopened, MRT Pink Line remained suspended as its power rail was dislocated in Min Buri district, Bangkok.[125]

CCTV footage of the earthquake from a skyscraper swimming pool in Bangkok. Note that the movement of the water caused it to spill out the building's side.

Many high-rise buildings developed visible damage as a result of the earthquake. Sky bridges connecting three luxury high-rise apartment towers were severed by the tremor, causing debris to fall off while water spilled from the rooftop pools of the buildings, as well as many others.[126] One fire incident was also reported, which was caused by a stove left unattended by fleeing residents.[119] Bangkok Governor Chadchart Sittipunt stated that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration's reporting platform received over 14,430 reports of building damage,[127] while it planned to inspect 700 structures across the city.[126] He later urged the owners of 11,000 buildings across the capital to assess their property's safety.[128]

Throughout the country, the Ministry of Public Health reported that 63 of its hospitals in 17 provinces were affected by the earthquake, with many temporarily evacuating patients. Several sustained damage, mostly in the form of wall cracks.[129][130] Rajavithi Hospital in Bangkok moved patients out of its 25-storey building, housing them in a sports hall while the main building, which exhibited multiple cracks, awaited inspection.[131] It later transferred 162 patients to other hospitals.[132]

In Chiang Mai, several condominium buildings suffered cracks.[133] Across the country, damage was reported from 591 houses, 55 temples, 86 hospitals, 9 buildings, 52 schools and 25 government buildings in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Lamphun, Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Phrae, Nan, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Ang Thong, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon and Chai Nat provinces.[134] Damage to religious and cultural sites was recorded in Lampang, Nan, and Chiang Mai provinces.[135] Twenty 10-tonne (11-ton) concrete beams being installed for an elevated section of the new Den Chai–Chiang Rai–Chiang Khong railway [th] also collapsed and crushed six vehicles in Chiang Rai province, without causing injuries.[136] Half a dozen sinkholes were reported in Ban Mae Surin, a village in the Khun Yuam district of Mae Hong Son.[25]

Elsewhere

A CCTV still of a rooftop infinity pool collapse sweeping away a crowd of people in Yunnan Province, China

In Yunnan, China, the earthquake was strongly felt across the province. Two people were injured in the border city of Ruili,[137][138] while nine others were rescued after being trapped in an elevator.[139] About 847 homes were damaged in the city, affecting 2,840 people.[140] Other provinces including Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan also felt the tremors.[141] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in China said no Chinese citizens were killed in the earthquake.[126]

Tremors were felt in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,[142] as well as in Vientiane, Laos, causing people to evacuate buildings.[143] In Ho Chi Minh City, 342 apartments were damaged.[144]

Earthquake caused the shaking of a pond in Basirhat, India

In India, shaking was experienced in the Delhi-National Capital Region, causing people to evacuate buildings.[145][146] Northeastern states, particularly Meghalaya, experienced noticeable aftershocks with a 4.0-magnitude tremor reported in the East Garo Hills.[147] Tremors were also felt in cities like Kolkata and Imphal.[148] In Basirhat, residents reported the shaking of natural water bodies.[149] The Bengali newspaper agency Aajkaal reported that residents of Basirhat felt the earthquake for as long as 30 minutes, as water bodies shook for that duration.[150] Tremors were also felt in parts of Assam including Guwahati.[151]

Tremors were felt across Bangladesh, including cities such as Dhaka, Sylhet, Rajshahi and Chittagong, causing people to panic and evacuate buildings.[152][153]

Tremors were also felt in Cambodia[154] and the northern Malaysian states of Penang, Kedah and Kelantan.[155][156]

Estimations of losses

The USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) service estimated a 35 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion and a 31 percent probability of economic losses exceeding US$100 billion; upper estimates of economic losses exceed Myanmar's GDP of $64.2 billion.[157] The service also estimated a 35 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000 and a 33 percent probability of deaths exceeding 100,000.[2] The Thai Hotels Association said that it expected international tourist arrivals to decrease by at least 10–15% in the two weeks following the earthquake, adding that 10% of foreign tourists had checked out following the earthquake.[158] Tourism minister Sorawong Thienthong noted that there had been over 1,000 hotel room bookings in the two days following the earthquake, while there was a shift in destination preferences from Bangkok to other places such as Pattaya.[159]

Aftermath

In a statement by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) on 1 April, shelter, clean water and medicine were running low in Myanmar. Additionally, due to the lack of clean water, the United Nations warned about the possibility of a cholera outbreak. The World Health Organisation said that many hospitals in the region were also running beyond their intended capacity. Damaged roads and bridges also hampered rescue missions. OCHA added that it took their team 13 hours to reach Mandalay from Yangon instead of the typical eight-hour travel time.[160]

Although the military regime appealed for international aid, several human rights organisations said there is selective allocation of assistance. Some affected regions such as Sagaing and Shan were receiving less aid whereas most resources were directed at Mandalay and Naypyidaw. Some groups said the regime may be falsely claiming logistical challenges to rationalise restricting aid in resistance-controlled areas. Amnesty International also shared a similar statement.[161] United Nations rapporter Tom Andrews said there were many reports of the military preventing aid and workers from accessing some areas.[162]

Many residents in Mandalay slept in the streets during the first night after the earthquake due to persistent aftershocks.[163] Due to limited equipment and emergency specialists, the city's residents conducted their own rescue activities.[164] On 29 March, rescuers were still working to retrieve at least 90 people trapped in one of the condominiums that collapsed. According to a Red Cross member, nine bodies and 44 survivors were pulled from the wreckage.[165] The Mandalay General Hospital reached its capacity and dozens of injured patients received treatment outside the building.[166] Fires also spread through Thannauk, Sein Pan and Maha Aungthan West wards with the latter being entirely reduced to ashes, according to Mandalay residents. Roads closures and fuel shortages in Mandalay continued to hinder rescue efforts.[77] By 31 March, the Myanmar Fire Services Department said it rescued 403 people and recovered 259 bodies in the city.[167]

In Sagaing, a resident said many bodies were buried in mass graves but due to the lack of space, others were sent to nearby Mandalay for cremation. Even so, there was a lack of cremators to accommodate the overwhelming number of dead which began to decompose in the days after the earthquake.[168] Rescue efforts in the city were minimal, in part due to collapsed fire station trapping emergency personnel and lack of safe bridge access from Mandalay.[76] In Naypyidaw, many people were buried beneath collapsed structures.[84] Workers of the junta regime continued to work in the open lawn beside the ruins of their ministry buildings. The city morgue was overwhelmed by the number of bodies and the lack of power meant they we rotting. Decomposing bodies were also found along the road outside the facility.[169]

Telecommunication services in Yangon were disabled from the time of the earthquake until past 22:00 MMT. Electricity was only available intermittently, and in townships further afield not available at all.[170] In Pathein, Ayeyarwady Region, the earthquake knocked out electrical services and disabled the generators used for water pumping for several days.[171]

The airbase in Monywa continued operations against resistance-held Chaung-U Township, deploying a paradrop attack at 19:00 MMT on the day of the earthquake.[78] The following day, the junta resumed aerial bombardment on territories held by resistance forces in Karen, northern Shan, Bago and Sagaing regions.[172] The People's Defence Force, a rebel force, said they would observe a partial ceasefire for two weeks beginning on 30 March.[173] Despite this, the junta conducted a bombing campaign in Pauk Township, Sagaing Region.[174] An airstrike in Singu Township, Mandalay, on 31 March injured several residents and burnt down their homes.[175] The junta also continued bombing campaigns in Rakhine State, destroying parts of the hospital in Arakan Army-controlled Ponnagyun on 28 March with Arakan Army continuing offensive operations in Kyaukphyu Township.[176][177]

In Bangkok, trading on the Stock Exchange of Thailand was suspended.[178] The finance ministry did not report any major losses on the economy, fiscal infrastructure or financial system.[179]

Thai Air Traffic Control issued a nationwide no-fly order for all airports,[180] while train services between Bangkok and north and northeastern Thailand were also suspended.[181] Services on the BTS Skytrain and "long-distance" routes were resumed by the evening of 28 March.[179] The MRT Blue Line and Purple Line resumed operations on the morning of 29 March, followed by the Yellow Line on 30 March.[182][183] The Pink Line partially reopened on 31 March; Min Buri station remained closed due to a dislocated power rail.[184] Inspectors were deployed across Bangkok to check the safety of buildings.[126]

On 29 March, rescuers said at least 15 people were found alive but trapped within the rubble of the State Audit Office building site in Chatuchak district.[115] Many of the workers trapped were believed to be migrants from Myanmar. Rescuers used drones, sniffer dogs and cranes to carry out their operations. The family members of those trapped also visited the site of the collapse.[185]

On 31 March, a mb 4.1 aftershock[186] caused additional buildings to collapse in Mandalay.[187]

Domestic responses

Myanmar

Myanmar's military junta declared a state of emergency in six regions, including Sagaing, Mandalay, Bago, Magway, Shan State, and Naypyidaw, following the earthquake. The junta's leader, Min Aung Hlaing, visited a hospital in Naypyidaw to assess the treatment of the injured. The junta also requested international humanitarian aid to assist with the aftermath of the disaster.[188][189] General Zaw Min Tun said many hospitals in Mandalay, Naypyidaw, and Sagaing received a large number of injured patients and needed blood donors.[190] In Sagaing city, junta soldiers conducted security checks and prevented unpermitted rescue operations from being carried out.[191] Military checkpoints also hampered efforts to bury bodies as they blocked off the Islamic cemetery in the city.[192] Emergency response teams from Ayeyarwady Region and Yangon were dispatched to Naypyidaw to help with search and rescue efforts.[193] Reporters in Mandalay described rescue operations as slow with a shortage of personnel. Many collapsed buildings remain unsearched and few survivors have been found in searched buildings.[194]

The National Unity Government of Myanmar (NUG) met to coordinate emergency immediate relief efforts and called for international aid.[195] US$1 million was allocated for emergency rescue with PDF forces deployed to aid affected resistance-controlled regions in Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway Regions. The government offered assistance in bring aid into their territories if the junta would guarantee the safety of medical personnel.[196] The day after the earthquake, the NUG announced a two-week pause on offensives to coordinate humanitarian efforts with the UN and non-governmental groups.[197] Despite this, the military continued airstrikes against rebel-held villages, prompting condemnation from United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Myanmar Tom Andrews.[198] Junta leader Min Aung Hlaing announced on 1 April that he would continue military operations against rebels.[199]

On 31 March 2025, the junta declared a period of national mourning that would last until 6 April 2025.[200] A minute of silence was held at 12:51:02 MMT, the exact time the earthquake occurred, on 1 April.[201]

Thailand

Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra cut short her attendance at a tourism conference in Phuket to return to Bangkok[202] and held an emergency meeting on the disaster.[87] She later visited the collapsed State Audit Office building site in Chatuchak[203] and ordered the formation of a committee of experts to investigate the collapse within a week.[204] She also announced that the Thai monarchy would place those injured by the earthquake under its patronage.[205]

Governor of Bangkok Chadchart Sittipunt declared a level 2 disaster area for the city,[206] which was lifted on 31 March.[207] He also ordered Lumphini, Benchasiri, Benjakitti and Chatuchak Parks to remain open overnight on 28 March to accommodate stranded and displaced people.[181] Around 400 people took shelter in city parks overnight.[208] The Ministry of Transport deployed additional public buses,[209] while the management of Suvarnabhumi Airport implemented a temporary shuttle bus service to mitigate a shortage of taxis traveling to and from the airport.[210] The Ministry of Education ordered a nationwide closure of schools.[211] Mental health hotlines maintained by the Ministry of Health expanded its hotline services and received at least 1,598 following the earthquake.[212] Pathum Thani and Phrae provinces were also declared as emergency disaster assistance zones.[213] Criticism arose in Thailand over a delay in the dissemination of SMS warnings regarding the earthquake.[214]

On 30 March, Thailand's interior minister Anutin Charnvirakul said an investigation into the audit office building collapse was to be completed within a week. Charnvirakul also added that Chinese disaster specialists would assist in the enquiry.[215] The Anti-Corruption Organisation of Thailand, a government watchdog, found substandard steel rebars after gathering debris samples and performing an initial test.[164] On 31 March 2025, reports of cracks and tremors prompted the evacuation of multiple buildings across Bangkok. While initially reported by some outlets as being due to aftershocks,[216] the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation confirmed that the aftershocks on 31 March were too weak to affect Thailand. Authorities later dismissed the scare as a false alarm, with city engineers stating that the reported cracks were not new and had appeared since 28 March.[217][218] The Ministry of Health also warned against what it called "earthquake drunk" syndrome, a condition attributed to disruptions to balance that resulted in people having swaying or moving feelings following an earthquake.[219]

On 31 March, a minute of silence was held in the Senate of Thailand for the victims of the earthquake.[220]

China

Authorities in Yunnan deployed 646 rescuers and 14 search dogs for rescue operations in the province.[139]

International humanitarian efforts

Airlift by IAF consisting of NDRF volunteers and equipment for rescue operations
Indian Navy officials loading INS Satpura and INS Savitri with 40 tonnes of humanitarian aid under Operation Brahma, heading for the Port of Yangon

International organisations

Various countries pledged support in the form of humanitarian aid. Myanmar accepted aid from India and the AHA Centre while the United Nations said it would provide an early sum of US$5 million in emergency aid.[179] The International Charter Space and Major Disasters was activated by the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) on behalf of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) at 10:21 UTC on 28 March, thus providing for widespread humanitarian satellite coverage.[221] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies launched an emergency appeal on 30 March for more than $100 million to help earthquake victims.[222]

State actors

Cambodia pledged an initial US$100,000 in aid to Myanmar.[223]

The Chinese embassy in Myanmar said the country would allocate US$13.77 million worth of supplies including tents, blankets, medical kits, sustenance and other items.[224] On 29 March 37 members of a search and rescue team from Yunnan, China, arrived in Yangon. The team, along with over 100 rescue equipment, travelled to Naypyidaw to participate in rescue missions.[225] On 30 March, China sent 17 trucks loaded with shelter and medical supplies to Mandalay. Hong Kong sent a group of 51 search-and-rescue personnel and two rescue dogs. The team also carried nine tons of life detecting devices and automatic satellite tracking antenna system among other critical items.[226]

The Indian Air Force sent an aircraft carrying over 15 tonnes of relief material containing essential shelter and medical supplies to Myanmar.[227] The effort ramped up with additional supplies allocated and deployed in what was termed Operation Brahma.[228]

Indonesia's defense ministry said 12 tonnes of humanitarian relief and 39 military personnel were flown to Naypyidaw to assist medical needs, construct shelters and search for the missing.[229]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered a search and rescue team, led by Colonel Yossi Pinto, be sent to Thailand to assist local authorities.[230] The Israeli embassy sent a scanning device that was used to search for survivors at the State Audit Office building,[6] while IsraAid deployed an emergency team.[231]

Japan deployed 450 tents, 240 waterproof sheets and a group of medical personnel to affected areas in Myanmar.[232]

Malaysia sent an immediate 50 members of the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) relief personnel for rescue operations in Myanmar,[13][233] with RM10 million (US$2.3 million) humanitarian aid also provided.[234]

New Zealand also pledged NZ$2 million to Myanmar.[235]

The Philippines sent a 91-member Inter-Agency Humanitarian Contingent that consists of personnel from the Office of Civil Defense, Department of Health, Philippine Army, Philippine Air Force, Bureau of Fire Protection, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, and the private sector.[236]

The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation also sent two aircraft with 120 doctors and rescue personnel to Myanmar.[225][237]

The Singapore Civil Defence Force sent an 80-member team to assist the rescue efforts in Myanmar.[238]

South Korea pledged US$2 million in humanitarian aid to Myanmar.[239]

Spain, through the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation, sent €500,000 to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and another €1,500,000 to the Disaster Response Emergency Fund of IFRC (IFRC-DREF).[240]

The Taiwanese National Fire Agency placed 120 personnel and six dogs on standby to assist in rescue efforts in Myanmar.[241] However, the team was disbanded after the Ministry of the Interior could not guarantee the team's safety amidst Myanmar's civil war.[242] The Taiwanese Red Cross pledged US$50,000 in aid,[36] while Fo Guang Shan also pledged a total of US$61,553 in financial and material aid to families in Myanmar with a particular focus in the Mandalay area. China Airlines said it would transport disaster relief supplies to Thailand and Myanmar free of charge.[108]

The Royal Thai Armed Forces said it would deploy a 49-member search and rescue team to Myanmar.[243]

The United Kingdom announced a £10 million humanitarian aid package for Myanmar.[244]

US President Donald Trump said the country will be sending aid to Myanmar, despite recent cuts on foreign aid.[245] The US embassy pledged up to $2 million through local organizations, adding that a team of experts was on its way to Myanmar.[246] In Thailand, the US Indo-Pacific Command deployed personnel to assist in rescue operations at the State Audit Office.[247]

The Vietnam People's Army deployed an 80-member earthquake relief team which arrived in Yangon on 30 March.[248] A 26-member team from Vietnam's Ministry of Public Security on 31 March 2025 arrived in Myanmar's Sagaing city, beginning their search and rescue operations.[249] In response to Myanmar's request for assistance, Vietnam offered an emergency aid package worth $300,000 to support earthquake recovery efforts.[250]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Not counting the Wa Self-Administered Division or the five Self-Administered Zones of the country.

References

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  30. ^ a b c "บกปภ.ช. อัปเดตความคืบหน้าการให้ความช่วยเหลือกรณีแผ่นดินไหว เร่งสำรวจความเสียหาย และผลกระทบเพื่อให้การช่วยเหลือตามสิทธิอย่างเป็นธรรมและทั่วถึง" [DDPM Center updates progress on earthquake relief, presses for damage and impact assessment for fair and thorough assistance]. NBT Connext (in Thai). Retrieved 30 March 2025.
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  52. ^ "မန္တလေးတွင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပြိုကျခဲ့သည့် ဦးလှသိန်းဗိမာန်အတွင်း စာမေးပွဲ ဖြေနေကြသည့် သံဃာတော် ၈၀ ပါးကျော် ပျံလွန်တော်မူဟုဆို". Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  53. ^ "Sky Villa အဆောက်အဦး ပြိုကျမှုမှ ရုပ်အလောင်း ၉ လောင်းတွေ့ရှိထားပြီး အသက်ရှင်လျက် ကယ်ဆယ်နိုင်ခဲ့သူ ၄၃ ဦးထိရှိကာ ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးများ ဆက်လက် လုပ်ဆောင်နေ". Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  54. ^ "Myanmar Quake Toll Passes 1,000 As Rescuers Dig For Survivors". Channels TV. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  55. ^ a b Zaw, Htet Naing (31 March 2025). "Heartbroken parents call out children's names at earthquake-hit pre-school". BBC News. Mandalay region. Archived from the original on 31 March 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  56. ^ "မန္တလေးမြို့ မဟာအောင်မြေမြို့နယ်ရှိ နှစ်ထပ်ခွဲလက်ဖက်ရည်ဆိုင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပြိုကျခဲ့ပြီး လူ ၇၀ ခန့် ပိတ်မိနေ". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd (in Burmese). Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  57. ^ Ferguson, Donna; Ambrose, Tom; Sedghi, Amy; Lavelle, Daniel; Mackay, Hamish (28 March 2025). "Thailand and Myanmar earthquake death toll rises as Bangkok declared disaster area with dozens trapped under skyscraper – live". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  58. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပျော်ဘွယ်မှာ သေဆုံးသူ ၄၀၀ ကျော်ရှိလာ". Radio Free Asia (in Burmese). 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  59. ^ a b "ပျော်ဘွယ်မှာ ငလျင်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ နှစ်ရာကျော်အထိ မြင့်တက်လာ". Radio Free Asia (in Burmese). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  60. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပျော်ဘွယ်မြို့ရှိ ကမ္ဘောဇဘဏ်ပြိုကျမှု အသက်ရှင်သူ မရှိနိုင်တော့" [No survivors after Kanbawza Bank collapses in Pyawbwe due to earthquake]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 31 March 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  61. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် မယ်နုအုတ်ကျောင်း ပြိုကျပျက်စီ" [The Mae Nu brick school collapsed due to the earthquake] (in Burmese). Elevennews. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  62. ^ "Myanmar earthquake: Photos, video show devastation as mosque and Mahamuni Pagoda collapse after strong tremors". The Times of India. 28 March 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  63. ^ a b Rising, David; Saksornchai, Jintamas (28 March 2025). "Powerful quake rocks Myanmar and Thailand and kills more than 150 people". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  64. ^ a b c d "မန္တလေးတိုင်း နယ်မြို့ ၅ ခုတွင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် လူ ၆၀၀ နီးပါးသေဆုံး" (in Burmese). Myanmar Now. 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  65. ^ "ရမည်းသင်းမြို့နယ်တွင် ငလျင်လှုပ်ခတ်မှုကြောင့် ပြည်သူ ၁၀၀ ကျော် သေဆုံးပြီး ထိခိုက်ပျက်စီးမှု များပြား". Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 29 March 2025.
  66. ^ a b "ငလျင်ကြောင့် မတ္တရာမြိုပေါ် နေအိမ်များနှင့် သာသနာ့အဆောက်အဦများပြိုကျ" [Meiktila town's houses and religious buildings collapse due to earthquake]. Mizzima News (in Burmese).
  67. ^ "မိတ္ထီလာမြို့တွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၂၆ ဦးရှိပြီး ထိခိုက်ဒဏ်ရာရရှိသူ ၁၆၆ ဦးရှိဟု ဒေသခံများ ပြောဆို" [Locals say 26 people have died and 166 have been injured in the earthquake in Meiktila]. Khit Thit Media. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  68. ^ "စဥ့်ကူး၌ ငလျင်ကြောင့် ရွှေတွင်းပြိုကျပြီး ၃၀ နီးပါးသေဆုံး၊ ၅ ဦးကို ကယ်တင်နိုင်" [Nearly 30 killed, 5 rescued in gold mine collapse caused by earthquake in Sukkur]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  69. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် ကျောက်ဆည်တွင် လူ ၁၀၀ကျော်သေဆုံး၊ ပြိုကျအဆောက်အဦများ ရှင်းလင်းရေး အကူအညီလို" [Earthquake kills over 100 at Kyaukse Dam, needs help clearing collapsed buildings]. Mizzima (in Burmese). 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  70. ^ "ကျောက်ဆည် Bright Kids school ပြိုကျမှု သေဆုံးသူ ၅၀ ကျော်ထိရှိလာပြီး ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးများ ဆက်လက် လုပ်ဆောင်နေ၊ မန္တလေး အမြောက်တန်းဗလီ ပြိုကျမှု ရုပ်အလောင်း ၁၂၀ ကျော် တွေ့ရှိထား". Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  71. ^ "စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့ငလျင် သေဆုံးသူ ၆၀၀ နီးပါးရှိလာ၊ ရုပ်လောင်းများရှင်းလင်းရေး အခက်ကြုံ". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  72. ^ "စစ်ကိုင်း ပြိုကျဗလီ ၃ ခုထဲမှ ၅၄ ဦး အလောင်းတွေ့၊ မူကြိုကလေးများ ပိတ်မိနေဆဲ". Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  73. ^ "အင်အားပြင်း ငလျင်ကြောင့် စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့တွင် သေဆုံးသူ ၂၀၀ ကျော် ရှိလာပြီး ပိတ်မိနေသူများစွာ ကျန်ရှိနေ" [Powerful earthquake kills over 200 in Sagaing, many trapped]. Weekly Eleven. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  74. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် ဒေသသုံးခုမှာ ၁၄၄ ဦးသေဆုံးပြီး ၇၀၀ ကျော်ဒဏ်ရာရကြောင်း စစ်ကောင်စီဥက္ကဋ္ဌပြော". Radio Free Asia. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  75. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် စစ်ကိုင်းတွင် လူ ၂ ဦးသေဆုံး၊ စစ်ကိုင်းတံတားဟောင်းပြိုကျ၊ တံတားသစ် ဖြတ်သန်းခွင့်ပိတ်" [Earthquake kills 2 in Sagaing, old Sagaing bridge collapses, new bridge closed]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  76. ^ a b "စစ်ကိုင်းတစ်မြို့လုံး ၈၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း ပြိုကျပျက်စီးပြီး လတ်တလောသေဆုံးသူ စာရင်း ၅၀ နီးပါး အတည်ပြုနိုင်ကာ ထိခိုက်သေဆုံးသူ ရာချီ ရှိနိုင်ကာ ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးလုပ်မည့်သူမရှိ၊ မီးသတ်ဌာနတစ်ခုလုံး ပြိုကျပျက်စီးနေ" [80% of entire Sagaing town collapsed, death toll currently at 50 with hundreds more casualties expected as no rescue efforts, one fire station collapsed trapping fire department.]. Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  77. ^ a b "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၁၆၀၀ ကျော်အနက် မန္တလေးတိုင်းတွင် အများဆုံးဖြစ်နေ" [Earthquake damage increases death toll past 1600, Mandalay Region most hit]. Myanmar Now (in Burmese). 30 March 2025.
  78. ^ a b c "ငလျင်ဘေးသင့်ပြီး နာရီပိုင်းအကြာအထိ လေကြောင်းတိုက်ခိုက်မှုများ စစ်တပ်ဆက်လုပ်" [Hours after earthquake danger subsided, aerial warfare from military continues]. Myanmar Now. 29 March 2025.
  79. ^ "မင်းကွန်းမြို့တွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် ထိခိုက်သေဆုံးသူများထဲတွင် စစ်ကောင်စီ တပ်သားများလည်းပါဝင်ပြီး ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးများ ဆက်လက် လုပ်ဆောင်နေဆဲဟု ဒေသခံများ ပြောဆို". Khit Thit Media. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  80. ^ "တံတားဦးမှာ ငလျင်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၁၀၀ ကျော်ရှိနေပြီး ရုပ်အလောင်းများ ထုတ်ယူနေရဆဲ". LuduNwayOo. 31 March 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  81. ^ "စစ်ကိုင်း၊ ရွှေဘိုနှင့် စဉ့်ကူမြို့နယ်ရှိ NUG စိုးမိုးအုပ်ချုပ်နယ်မြေများအတွင်း ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပြည်သူ ၄၀ကျော် သေဆုံး". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  82. ^ Nwe, Shwe (29 March 2025). "နေပြည်တော် ဇမ္ဗူသီရိ၌ သေဆုံး ၂၀၄ ဦးရှိ၊ ဝန်ထမ်းအိမ်ရာ အများစုပါ" [204 dead in Nay Pyi Taw's Zambuthiri, most of them in staff housing]. Mizzima. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  83. ^ a b c Phyo, Aung Kyaw (31 March 2025). "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် စစ်ကောင်စီ ဝန်ကြီးဌာနရုံးများ ပျက်စီးမှုကြီးမား၊ ဝန်ထမ်းအမြောက်အမြား နေပြည်တော်ကိုစွန့်ခွာ" [Earthquake causes extensive damage to military council ministry offices, forcing many employees to flee Naypyidaw]. Mizzima. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  84. ^ a b "နေပြည်တော် အိမ်အပြိုများကြား ပိမိနေသူများကို လက်ရှိအချိန်ထိ ဆွဲထုတ်မရသေး". Mizzima News (in Burmese). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  85. ^ "မြေငလျင်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးထိခိုက်သူ ၈၀ ဝန်းကျင်ရှိလာ". Radio Free Asia (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  86. ^ "Breaking News- ငလျင်ကြောင့် နေပြည်တော်လေဆိပ်၏ လေကြောင်းထိန်းသိမ်းရေး တာဝါ ကျိုးကျပြီး တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေသည့် ဝန်ထမ်းအားလုံး သေဆုံး" [Breaking News: Earthquake causes Naypyidaw Airport's air traffic control tower to collapse, killing all staff on duty]. Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  87. ^ a b c "Earthquake death toll in Myanmar, Thailand surpasses 150". Al Jazeera. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  88. ^ "Mass casualty earthquake devastates Myanmar, Thailand, trapping dozens and injuring hundreds". Malay Mail. Agence France-Presse. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  89. ^ Maung Dagon (28 March 2025). "ငလျင်ကြောင့် နေပြည်တော် စစ်ရုံးနှင့် အနီးတစ်ဝိုက်ရှိ ဝန်ထမ်း အိမ်ယာများ ပျက်ဆီးမှုများပြား" [Earthquake causes extensive damage to Nay Pyi Taw military headquarters and surrounding staff housing]. MPA Press (in Burmese). Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  90. ^ "Lines of wounded at Myanmar hospital after powerful quake". France 24. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  91. ^ "ပျဉ်းမနားမြို့တွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၈၆ ဦးထိရှိလာပြီး ရုပ်အလောင်း အားလုံး ဆွဲမထုတ်နိုင်သေး၊ အရေးပေါ် ကုသနေရသည့် လူနာ ၅၀၀ ခန့်ရှိ" [Death toll from earthquake damage in Pyimana town reaches 86, bodies still trapped and over 500 wounded being treated]. Khit Thit Media. 29 March 2025.
  92. ^ "နေပြည်တော်တွင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် စစ်တပ်အဆောက်အအုံများ ပြိုလဲပြီး စစ်သား ၁၀၀ ဝန်းကျင်သေဆုံးနိုင်ဟုဆို". Khit Thit Media (in Burmese). 31 March 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  93. ^ a b "ငလျင်သင့် အင်းလေးပြည်သူများ အစားအစာနှင့်ရေ အရေးတကြီးလိုအပ်" [Earthquake-stricken Inle residents urgently need food and water]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 31 March 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  94. ^ "အင်အားပြင်းငလျင်လှုပ်ခတ်အပြီး သုံးရက်အကြာ အင်းလေးဒေသ၌ သေဆုံးသူ ၉၀နီးပါးရှိလာ". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  95. ^ a b Win, Tun Tun (29 March 2025). "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် အင်းလေးဒေသအတွင်း ၆၀ နီးပါး သေဆုံးဟုဆို" [Nearly 60 killed in Inle Lake earthquake]. Mizzima (in Burmese). Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  96. ^ "ဟိုတယ်အောင်ပန်းပြိုကျမှု မိသားစုဝင် ၆ဦး၏ ရုပ်အလောင်းရှာတွေ့၊ စုစုပေါင်း ရုပ်အလောင်း ၁၁ဦး တွေ့ထား". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  97. ^ "ငလျင်လှုပ်ပြီးချိန် လေတပ်က ဗုံးကြဲ၍ ဓနုတပ်ဖွဲ့ဝင် ၇ ဦး သေဆုံး" [Aerial bombing after earthquake kills 7 Danu soldiers]. Myanmar Now.
  98. ^ "တောင်ငူမြို့နယ်တွင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် ရွှေတွင်းလုပ်သား ၄၀ ထက်မနည်း သေဆုံး". Mizzima News (in Burmese). 31 March 2025.
  99. ^ "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် တောင်ငူ၊ ပျော်ဘွယ်တွင် လူ ၂၁ ဦး သေဆုံး" [Earthquake kills 21 people in Taungoo, Pyaw Bwe]. Mizzima News (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  100. ^ "ငလျင်လှုပ်ခတ်မှုကြောင့် တောင်ငူဝေဠု၀န်ကျောင်းပြိုကျပြီး စစ်ဘေးရှောင်ကလေး ၂၀ ကျော်ပိတ်မိ" [Earthquake causes Taungoo Weluwan school to collapse, trapping over 20 displaced children]. Yangon Media Group (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  101. ^ "ဖြူးမြို့တွင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် ကျောင်းဆရာမအပါအဝင် မိသားစုဝင် ၄ ဦး သေဆုံး" [Four members of a family, including a school teacher, die in earthquake in Phyu]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
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  103. ^ "ရန်ကုန်တွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ခံစားရသော်လည်း အပျက်အစီးနည်" [Yangon earthquake hits but less damage]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
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  112. ^ "ศูนย์เอราวัณรายงาน แผ่นดินไหวคร่าแล้ว 19 ชีวิต ตึก สตง.12 จุดอื่นๆ อีก 7". ผู้จัดการ. 31 March 2025.
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  116. ^ "เครนก่อสร้างคอนโดย่านบางโพถล่ม หลังแผ่นดินไหว ตาย 1" [Construction crane collapse in Bang Pho after earthquake, 1 dead]. Thai PBS. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  117. ^ "แผ่นดินไหวทำแผ่นปูนร่วง ทับคนงานดับคาไซต์งาน ก่อสร้างคอนโดมิเนียม" [Earthquake causes concrete slab fall, crushes worker to death at condominium construction site]. Khaosod (in Thai). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  118. ^ "สธ.ตั้ง รพ.สนาม คาดมีคนติดใต้ซากตึก สตง.ถล่ม 80 คน" [MOPH sets up field hospital, 80 estimated trapped under SAO building collapse]. Thai PBS (in Thai). 28 March 2025.
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  120. ^ "สลด! ผู้ป่วยโรคหัวใจวิ่งหนีแผ่นดินไหวลงจากคอนโด ช็อกเสียชีวิต" [Agony! Heart disease patient escapes earthquake down from condo, is shocked, dies]. PPTVHD36 (in Thai). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  121. ^ "ลุง 65 ปี ช็อกแผ่นดินไหว เสียชีวิต" [65-year-old uncle dies from earthquake shock]. Channel 7 (in Thai). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
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  124. ^ "กรุงเทพฯ สาหัส! ทุกเส้นรถติดหนัก รัชดาอัมพาต 3 ชม.ไม่ขยับ หลังปิด 'รถไฟฟ้าทุกสาย'" [Bangkok critical! Traffic jams on every road, Ratchada paralyzed for 3 hours, after the suspension of 'all rapid transit lines']. 28 March 2025.
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  127. ^ "UPDATE สถานการณ์จากเหตุแผ่นดินไหว วันที่ 31 มีนาคม 2568 เวลา 19.00 น." Prd.go.th. 31 March 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
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  129. ^ "รพ.สธ. 63 แห่งรับผลกระทบแผ่นดินไหว เศร้า! เด็ก 1 เดือนป่วยวิกฤตดับระหว่างอพยพ" [63 MOPH hospitals face earthquake effects. Sadness! Critically ill 1-month-old dies during evacuation]. Hfocus.org (in Thai). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
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  134. ^ "ปภ.เผยความคืบหน้าการให้ความช่วยเหลือเหตุแผ่นดินไหว สั่งพื้นที่เร่งสำรวจและให้ความช่วยเหลือ หากงบประมาณไม่เพียงให้ขอขยายวงเงินทันที" [DDPM gives updates on earthquake relief, instructs local authorities to press on with surveys and assistance, if hitting budget limits to request extensions immediately]. Royal Thai Government (in Thai). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
    "ลดระดับแผ่นดินไหวสาธารณภัยเป็นระดับ 2 – กทม.แนะเลี่ยง 2 เส้นทาง" [Earthquake disaster level reduced to 2 – BMA advises avoiding 2 routes]. Thai PBS (in Thai). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
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  171. ^ "ပုသိမ်တွင် လျှပ်စစ်မီးမရသဖြင့် ရေရရှိရန် ခက်ခဲနေ" [Pathein has difficulty obtaining water due to lack of electricity]. Democratic Voice of Burma. 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  172. ^ "မြန်မာပြည်သူများအားလုံး အတိဒုက္ခရောက်နေသည့် ငလျင်လှုပ်ခတ်ပြီးနောက် စစ်ကောင်စီက KNU ဌာနချုပ်အနီး ၊ စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်း၊ ရှမ်းမြောက်နှင့်ပဲခူးတိုင်းတို့ကို လေကြောင်းတိုက်ခိုက်မှုများ လုပ်ဆောင်" [During troubling times for all Myanmar people, junta conducts aerial attacks on KNU HQ, Sagaing Region, North Shan and Bago Regions]. 29 March 2025.
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  175. ^ "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ခံခဲ့ရသည့် စဉ့်ကူးမြို့နယ်၌ စစ်ကောင်စီတပ်က လေကြောင်းတိုက်ခိုက်" [Military council launches airstrikes in earthquake-hit Singu Township]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  176. ^ "အရပ်သားကျေးရွာများကို စစ်ကောင်စီက ဗုံးကြဲတိုက်ခိုက်နေ၍ ကျောက်ဖြူရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီတပ်စခန်းကို AA ထိုးစစ်ဆင်တိုက်ခိုက်" [Local villages continue being bombed by SAC, AA sieges SAC military outpost]. Narinjara.
  177. ^ "ပုဏ္ဏားကျွန်းဆေးရုံကို စစ်ကောင်စီက အတွဲလိုက်ဒုံးဖြင့် ပစ်ခတ်၍ အဆောင်အချို့ ပျက်စီး" [Ponnakyun Hospital bombed by cluster missiles, destroyed]. Narinjara.
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