說明:引文格式1
![]() | 本頁為操作指南,用於介紹中文維基百科社群的一些實作和操作方式。 本文只是論述,不屬於方針或指引。如果本指南與方針或指引起衝突或不一致,請以方針或指引的條文為準。 |
{{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv預印本 |
---|---|
{{Cite AV media}} | 影音媒體 |
{{Cite AV media notes}} | 影音媒體內頁說明 |
{{Cite bioRxiv}} | bioRxiv預印本 |
{{Cite book}} | 書籍 |
{{Cite citeseerx}} | CiteSeerX論文 |
{{Cite conference}} | 會議論文 |
{{Cite encyclopedia}} | 引用百科全書的資料 |
{{Cite episode}} | 廣播和電視節目 |
{{Cite interview}} | 訪談 |
{{Cite journal}} | 學術期刊 |
{{Cite magazine}} | 雜誌和期刊 |
{{Cite mailing list}} | 公共郵件列表 |
{{Cite map}} | 地圖 |
{{Cite news}} | 新聞報導 |
{{Cite newsgroup}} | 線上新聞群組 |
{{Cite podcast}} | 播客 |
{{Cite press release}} | 新聞稿 |
{{Cite report}} | 報告 |
{{Cite serial}} | 廣播和電視節目系列 |
{{Cite sign}} | 標誌、匾額、銘牌或徽章 |
{{Cite speech}} | 演講 |
{{Cite ssrn}} | SSRN論文 |
{{Cite techreport}} | 技術報告 |
{{Cite thesis}} | 學位論文 |
{{Cite tweet}} | Twitter推文 |
{{Cite web}} | 上述模板未包含的其他網絡資料 |
參見 | |
引文格式1(CS1)是一組參考文獻引用模板的集合,可為不同引用材料創建不同的樣式。其目的是為維基百科上的參考文獻提供一組默認格式。該系列模板使用了Module:Citation/CS1模塊。
使用CS1或模板並非強制要求。
樣式
[編輯]有許多模板都以cite開頭,但它們並非都符合引文格式1。還有一些模板使用通用模板作為元模板來引用特定來源。
符合引文格式1要求的模板必須滿足以下條件:
- 基於Module:Citation/CS1模塊或下列模板之一。
- 使用半角句號區分各成分,並標記引用的結束。
- 使用半角分號區分各獨立作者名及編者名。
模板工作原理
[編輯]CS1模板通常以下列格式呈現引文:
- 有作者
- 作者. 标题. 作品 (出版商). n.d.: x. 標識符.
- 無作者
- 标题. 作品 (出版商). n.d.: x. 標識符.
(其中「n.d.」也可以是符合格式手冊要求的其他有效日期格式)
作者
[編輯]您可以通過將作者的名和姓填入模板參數來添加作者信息。添加單個作者時,使用|last=
和|first=
參數。如果引用來源有多個作者,則使用|last2=
和|first2=
、|last3=
和|first3=
等參數。[1]為了與其他編號參數保持一致,也可使用|last1=
和|first1=
,如下例所示:
{{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}
- Hawking, Stephen; Hawking, Lucy. George's Secret Key to the Universe.
當「first」和「last」不適用於來源作者時,可使用|author=
和|authorn=
參數。[2]編輯者信息可使用單獨的姓氏和名字參數。第一位編輯使用|editor-last=
和|editor-first=
;後續編輯使用|editor2-last=
和|editor2-first=
、|editor3-last=
和|editor3-first=
等。[1]類似於|author=
參數,您也可以使用|editor=
和|editorn=
來引用編輯者。當引用包含不同作者撰寫的多個章節的來源時,可以同時使用作者和編輯者參數。
如果引用來源沒有註明作者(常見於新聞通訊稿、新聞稿或公司網站),請使用:|author=<!--未注明-->
[3]
引文 來源
|
CS1標記 | CS1輸出 | 簡短引文 |
---|---|---|---|
使用姓氏的作者和編輯者 | {{cite book |title=Title |chapter=Chapter |last=Last |first=First |editor-first=Editor-First |editor-last=Editor‐Last |date=1999}}
|
Last, First. Chapter. Editor‐Last, Editor-First (編). Title. 1999. | Last 1999 |
作者和編輯者 | {{cite book |title=Title |chapter=Chapter |author=Author |editor=Editor |date=1999}}
|
Author. Chapter. Editor (編). Title. 1999. | Author 1999 |
僅作者 | {{cite book |title=Title |author=Author |date=1998}}
|
Author. Title. 1998. | Author 1998 |
有編輯者但無作者 | {{cite book |title=Title |editor=Editor |date=1999}}
|
Editor (編). Title. 1999. | Editor 1999 |
兩者皆無 | {{cite book |title=Title |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1999 |ref={{sfnref|''Title''|1999}}}}
|
Title. 1999. | Title 1999 |
日期
[編輯]年份或完整日期可填入|date=
參數。可接受的格式請參見MOS:DATE。當來源沒有出版日期時,使用|date=n.d.
。若同一作者在同一年份有多部作品,可在日期參數(|date=1997-07-04b)或年份參數(|year=1997b)後附加小寫字母加以區分。
標題與章節
[編輯]- title:引用來源的標題。若引用來源本身具有知名度且有維基百科條目,可為標題添加內部連結。但添加內部連結後將無法使用「url」參數連結到外部來源,因此僅當引用無需外部連結的作品時才這樣做。優先連結實際來源而非維基百科條目。
- script-title:用於非拉丁文字標題(日文、韓文、阿拉伯文、西里爾文、希臘文、希伯來文等)。該參數會將RTL文字用特殊HTML標記包裹以隔離左右混排文本,其中包含瀏覽器用於正確顯示文字的語言屬性。編者須在文字前添加支持的語言代碼前綴和冒號:
|script-title=ar:العربية
。無法識別的代碼將被忽略並直接顯示。 - trans-title:若引用來源為外文,可在此提供標題的中文翻譯。該字段會顯示在標題後的方括號內,若使用
|url=
參數則會一併連結。 - chapter:引用章節的完整標題,顯示在書名前。對於分欄的網站,「at」參數功能類似:
|at=精選新聞
- script-chapter:非拉丁字母書寫的章節標題處理方式同script-title,需添加語言代碼前綴:
|script-chapter=ar:العربية
。 - trans-chapter:外文來源章節標題的中文翻譯,顯示在章節字段後的方括號中。
包含特殊字符的標題需替換或編碼才能正確顯示和連結:
字符 | 必須替換為 |
---|---|
換行符 | 空格 |
[ | [ |
] | ] |
| | | |
|script-<param>= 語言代碼
[編輯]cs1|2支持的非拉丁文字語言代碼包括: Module:Cs1_documentation_support第254行Lua錯誤:bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)
類型
[編輯]- type:指定引用作品的類型。緊接在標題後以括號形式顯示。某些模板使用可覆蓋的默認值;例如:{{cite press release}}默認會顯示「(新聞稿)」。
語言
[編輯]- language:來源使用的語言(可接受逗號分隔的多語言列表),推薦使用ISO 639語言代碼或完整語言名稱。例如:
|language=ru
;|lang=fr, pt-br
。請勿使用模板或內部連結。顯示在括號內。使用被引文模塊識別的語言會將頁面歸入Category:CS1外文來源相應子分類。別名:in
作品載體與出版商
[編輯]- work:作品載體,用於某些模板如{{cite web}}(別名為website——網站名稱)、{{cite news}}(別名為newspaper——報紙名稱)、{{cite magazine}}(別名為magazine——雜誌名稱)、{{cite journal}}(別名為journal——期刊名稱)等,通常用於引用大型作品(本「work」參數)中的特定項目(在「title」參數中給出),最常見的是網站或紙質期刊中的文章,或電視系列劇中的單集。不要將此參數與「publisher」參數混淆,後者用於出版商。如果該作品具有知名度且在維基百科中有條目,應在條目引文中首次出現時添加內部連結。如果「title」已包含外部連結,則不要為「work」添加外部連結。如果網站/出版物給出的作品載體名稱與出版商名稱完全相同或基本相似,則不要使用「publisher」參數(詳見下文說明)。
- 對於網站,「work」在大多數情況下是網站名稱(通常顯示在網站的logo/橫幅區域,和/或主頁
<title>
中,可能會顯示在瀏覽器標籤頁標題中,具體取決於瀏覽器)。如果網站實際標題不包含「.com」等後綴,則不要添加。如果無法確定明確的標題,或標題確實是域名,則使用網站的域名。不要通過添加描述性文字如「[某出版商]的網站」或「[某出版商]主頁」來偽造作品名稱。為便於閱讀應使用大寫,並省略「www.」,例如將「www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com」轉換為「VeterinaryResourcesUK.com」。 - 如果引用的項目是某個更大作品的一部分,如系列叢書中的一本書、期刊的特刊或域名下的子站點(例如引用大學網站系統中的法學院部分),通常最好使用更具體作品的名稱,而不僅僅是整個大作品的名稱。各種引文模板為此類信息提供了單獨的字段,例如
{{Cite book}}
中的|chapter=
|title=
|volume=
|series=
。如果作品的性質及其與網站、書籍或其他上下文的關聯關係複雜或令人困惑,只需在引文模板之後、關閉引文的</ref>
之前解釋情況即可。
- publisher:實際出版來源的組織名稱。該字段不應包含「有限公司」或「股份有限公司」等公司標識,除非會產生歧義或該組織在日常使用中通常帶有該標識如果出版商具有知名度且在「work」之外有獨立條目,「publisher」參數可以包含指向該條目的內部連結,但絕不應包含指向出版商網站的外部連結。是否需要包含出版商在一定程度上取決於作品類型,有時也取決於其可識別性。WP:列明來源和大多數維基百科外的引文指南建議應將其用於書籍(即使是著名書籍),但不一定用於其他作品。廣為人知的主流新聞來源、主要學術期刊,或出版商與作品相同或基本相同時,不應使用「publisher」參數。例如,以下示例中應省略「publisher」參數:
|work=[[Amazon.com]]
|publisher=Amazon Inc.
|newspaper=The Aberdeen Times
|publisher=The Aberdeen Times
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|publisher=The New York Times Company
|newspaper=[[USA Today]]
|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|publisher=[[Nature Research]]
- 如果作品是自出版的,關於其可靠性的說明見WP:SELFPUB;對於這種情況下的
|publisher=
參數值尚無共識。當經過詳盡嘗試仍無法發現出版商名稱時(對於網站可嘗試whois,對於書籍可嘗試WorldCat等),使用|publisher=<!--来源未指定-->
明確表示已檢查過此信息,以免其他編輯浪費時間重複您徒勞的努力。當此信息不明確時,不要猜測出版商。有關合出版作品以及如何指定多個出版商及其位置的信息,請參閱下一項。
- location(別名
|publication-place=
):出版地(不是您獲取副本的地方,也不是來源中材料的位置)。當出版地隱含在作品名稱中時,應省略location參數,例如《悉尼先驅晨報》。當出版地是期刊常用稱謂的一部分但不是實際標題時,應使用location參數。提供您使用的版本的出版地(例如,如果出版商在紐約和倫敦都有業務,而您使用的是倫敦出版的版本,則使用|location=倫敦
,即使出版商的總部在紐約)。如果您的版本明確給出了多個地點,可以用例如|location=紐約/倫敦
表示。同樣的方法可用於合出版作品,只需確保兩個參數中的順序對應。模板沒有單獨的|location1=
、|publisher1=
等參數。對於仍然值得引用且仍然可以找到的歷史出版物(例如通過書籍數碼化項目——參見下面的「via」參數),不要將印刷商(印刷廠業主/經營者)與出版商(贊助該作品的組織或個人)混淆;有的版本可能印刷商名稱的字體比出版商大,但出於引用目的,我們關心的是出版商。如果在特定情況下無法確定區別,請列出兩者。雖然一些出版商傾向於省略出版地點,但在維基百科上,這些地點可以服務於不僅僅是純粹的文獻目的(例如,在一篇關於某地的條目中,過多在另一個地出版的材料可能揭示編輯偏見)。 - publication-date:出版日期,與作品撰寫日期不同時。僅當date或year已定義且不同時顯示,否則將publication-date作為date顯示。使用與條目中其他日期相同的格式;不要添加內部連結。顯示在publisher之後;如果未定義work,則publication-date前加「published」並顯示在括號內。
- via(可選):內容傳遞者的名稱(當他們不是出版商時)。「via」不是「publisher」的替代品,而是提供額外細節。當內容傳遞者以不同於原始格式呈現來源時,或當提供的URL未明確傳遞者身份時,或如WP:維基百科圖書館建議的那樣,例如WP:Credo accounts/Citations,可以使用此參數。另見§ 訂閱或註冊要求。此參數的典型用途是識別書籍掃描和數據庫項目,如互聯網檔案館、古騰堡計劃和Google圖書提供的項目;我們通常通過期刊索引和搜索服務找到學術文章,例如PubMed Central、JSTOR;以及其他先前發布內容的聚合器或索引器,如Dictionary.com。僅當無法使用標準標識符時使用via(參見§ 標識符)。示例:
{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |via=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=2025-05-29}}
頁碼
[編輯]Template | |volume= | |issue= | |page(s)= | |quote-page(s)= |
---|---|---|---|---|
{{citation}}
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite arXiv}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite AV media}}
|
是 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite AV media notes}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite bioRxiv}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite book}}
|
是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite citeseerx}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite encyclopedia}}
|
是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite episode}}
|
否 | 是 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite interview}}
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite journal}}
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite magazine}}
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite mailing list}}
|
否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
|
是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite news}}
|
是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite newsgroup}}
|
否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite podcast}}
|
否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite press release}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite report}}
|
是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite serial}}
|
否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite sign}}
|
否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite speech}}
|
否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
{{cite ssrn}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite tech report}}
|
是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite thesis}}
|
是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
{{cite web}}
|
否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
An editor may use any one of the following parameters in a given citation to refer to the specific page(s) or place in a cited source that contains the information that supports the article text. If more than one of the following parameters are used in the same citation, the error message Extra |pages=
or |at=
(help) will display in the published citation. When more than one of the following parameters is used in error, |page=
overrides both |pages=
and |at=
; |pages=
overrides |at=
. To resolve the error, remove extra parameters of this type until only one remains in the affected citation.
- page: page in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text, for example
|page=52
.- Note: For a hyphenated page, use
|page=12{{hyphen}}34
. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to|pages=12{{endash}}34
by mistake.
- Note: For a hyphenated page, use
- pages: pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an en dash: – , for example
|pages=236–239
. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example|pages=157, 159
. The form|pages=461, 466–467
is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in accept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g.|pages=((1,234{{endash}}1,235))
. For multiple hyphenated pages, use the accept-this-as-written markup to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g.|pages=((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4))
.- Note: CS1 citations do not record the total number of pages in a cited source; do not use this parameter for that purpose.
- at: place in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text when a page number is not given, is inappropriate or is insufficient. Common examples include column or col., paragraph or para. and section or sec. Depending on the source being cited, other indicators may be appropriate to use with the
|at=
parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include|at=Column 2
or|at=Paragraph 5
or|at=Back cover
or|at=Act III, Scene 2
. - quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in
|quote=
. Use either|quote-page=
or|quote-pages=
, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=
,|pages=
or|at=
. Displays preceded byp.
unless|no-pp=yes
. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12
). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in
|quote=
. Use either|quote-page=
or|quote-pages=
, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages=
or|at=
. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp.
unless|no-pp=yes
is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages=
without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))
. Alias: none.
If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use a short citation {{sfn}}
, or {{rp}}
to provide linked page number citations.
版本標識符
[編輯]- edition: Identifies the particular edition of a cited source when the source has more than one edition, such as "2nd", "Revised", etc. Note that this parameter automatically displays " ed." after your entry. For example,
|edition=Revised third
displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition. - series: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. For journal series,
|series=
should be limited toOriginal/New Series
,First/Second/Third/... Series
, or similar.[Note 2] - volume: For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an en dash: – , for example
|volume=I–IV
. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example|volume=I, III
. The form|volume=I, III–V
is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in accept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators. - issue: When the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g.
|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''
. Please choose either|issue=
or|number=
depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example|issue=2 #143
. Separate ranges with an en dash: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in accept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.
外部連結
[編輯]- url: Adds a link to the title
- chapter-url: Adds a link to the chapter.
- format: Format of the document at its URL (e.g., PDF, XLS, etc.). Do not specify for HTML as it is implied as the default. Do not use this parameter for completely different purposes, with annotations such as "fee required" or "reprint"; its intent is to notify readers what the file format is (e.g. in case some browsers might have trouble with it, or some might prefer to save the link to disk rather than open it in the browser). Access restrictions can be shown using the appropriate
|url-access=
parameter, see Registration or subscription required. Other notes about reprintings, etc., should be placed after the template, and before</ref>
.
使用|format=參數
[編輯]When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' extension, it renders the external link with a PDF icon in place of the usual external-link icon. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set |format=PDF
, though doing so causes no harm. The |format=PDF
parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not, so removing |format=PDF
here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias.
在線資源
[編輯]Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources.
- Links should be to full versions of the source.
- Online sources that require payment or subscription may be included per Wikipedia:Verifiability.
Do not link to:
- Sites that do not have permission to republish the work or that otherwise violate copyright.
- Commercial sites such as Amazon, unless no alternative exists.
- Reviews of the work.
- Very short extracts such as Google Books snippet view where there is not enough context to verify the content, unless the entire work is also freely available there. (See WP:BOOKLINKS)
連結格式
[編輯]Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link for Monty Python and Philosophy would look like:
But can be trimmed to:
or:
or:
- https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC (if Google Books does not provide the cover page).
頁碼
[編輯]A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 172 of Monty Python and Philosophy on Google Books:
like so:
|page=[https://books.google.com/?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&pg=PA172 172]
特殊字符
[編輯]URL必須以支持的URI方案開頭。所有瀏覽器均支持http://
和https://
;而ftp://
、gopher://
、irc://
、ircs://
、mailto:
和news:
可能需要插件或外部應用支持,通常應避免使用。當前不支持IPv6主機名。
若引文模板參數中的URL包含特定字符,將無法正確顯示和連結。這些字符需進行百分號編碼。例如空格必須替換為%20
。編碼替換規則如下:
字符 | 空格 | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
編碼 | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
單引號無需編碼,但未編碼的多個引號會被解析為斜體/粗體標記。單個右花括號無需編碼,但未編碼的成對花括號會被解析為模板嵌入的結束符。
訪問日期
[編輯]- access-date: The full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the article's citations. It is not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is not required for links to copies of published research papers accessed via DOI or a published book, but should be used for links to news articles on commercial websites (these can change from time to time, even if they are also published in a physical medium). Note that access-date is the date that the URL was checked to not just be working, but to support the assertion being cited (which the current version of the page may not do). Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
網頁存檔
[編輯]- archive-url. Alias: archiveurl.
- archive-date. Alias: archivedate.
The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and |archive-url=
is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive. |archive-date=
must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When |archive-url=
is used, |url=
and |archive-date=
are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end: Monty Python and Philosophy. (原始內容存檔於May 1, 2013).
- url-status: To change the order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end, set
|url-status=live
:
- Monty Python and Philosophy. (原始內容存檔於May 1, 2013).
When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting |url-status=unfit
or |url-status=usurped
suppresses display of the original URL (but |url=
and |archive-url=
are still required). When the original URL is still 'live' but no longer supports the text in an article, set |url-status=deviated
. For further documentation of |url-status=
, see Template:Cite web § csdoc urlstatus.
標識符
[編輯]以下標識符會生成連結,且僅接受單一數值。使用多個數值或其他文本會破壞連結和/或使標識符失效。通常參數只需包含標識符的可變部分,例如|rfc=822
或|pmc=345678
。
- arxiv:arXiv標識符;例如:
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027
(2007年4月前)或|arxiv=0706.0001
(2007年4月—2014年12月)或|arxiv=1501.00001
(2015年1月起)。請勿包含「.pdf」或「.html」等無關文件擴展名。別名:ARXIV、eprint。 - asin:亞馬遜標準識別號碼;若首字符為數字,請使用isbn。由於此連結偏向特定分銷商,僅在無標準標識符時使用。示例
|asin=B00005N5PF
。別名:ASIN。- ASIN-TLD:非美國亞馬遜網站的頂級域名;有效值:。別名:asin-tld。
- bibcode:bibcode;用於多個天文數據系統;例如:
1974AJ.....79..819H
。別名:BIBCODE。 - biorxiv:bioRxiv標識符,需完整DOI(如
10.1101/078733
對應http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733或https://doi.org/10.1101/078733)。別名:none。 - citeseerx:CiteSeerX標識符,為URL中的數字與點組合(如
10.1.1.176.341
對應https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341)。別名:none。 - cn:國內統一刊號。別名:CN。
- doi:數字對象標識符(DOI);例如:
10.1038/news070508-7
。系統會驗證其是否以(10.
)開頭。別名:DOI。- doi-broken:DOI在https://doi.org失效的日期。格式需與文中其他日期一致。別名:doi-broken-date、doi-inactive-date、doi_brokendate、doi_inactivedate。
- eissn:電子版國際標準期刊號;8位字符可用連字符分為兩組(不可用短橫線或空格);示例
|eissn=1557-2986
。別名:EISSN。 - hdl:Handle系統數字對象標識符;示例
|hdl=20.1000/100
。別名:HDL。 - isbn:國際標準書號;例如:
978-0-8126-9593-9
。 連字符可選但建議保留。請使用書籍印刷的ISBN。優先使用13位ISBN(以978或979開頭)。若書籍僅印有10位ISBN則使用之。ISBN通常位於版權頁(書名頁背面)或條形碼下方(以978或979開頭的條形碼)。9位SBN請使用。請勿通過簡單添加978前綴將10位ISBN轉為13位(末位為校驗碼,隨意更改會導致ISBN無效)。此參數應僅包含ISBN不包含其他字符。系統會校驗長度、非法字符(10位ISBN末位可為「X」)及校驗碼。別名:ISBN、isbn13、ISBN13。 - ismn:國際標準音樂編號;例如:
979-0-9016791-7-7
。連字符或空格可選。請使用作品印刷的ISMN。此參數應僅包含ISMN不包含其他字符。系統會校驗長度、非法字符及校驗碼。別名:ISMN。 - issn:國際標準期刊號;8位字符可用連字符分為兩組(不可用短橫線或空格);示例
|issn=2049-3630
。別名:ISSN。 - jfm:數學進展年鑑;值中請勿包含「JFM」;示例
|jfm=53.0144.01
。別名:JFM。 - jstor:JSTOR編號;例如:
|jstor=3793107
。別名:JSTOR。 - LCCN:美國國會圖書館控制號。字母前綴應為小寫且無空格;示例
|lccn=79-57364
或|lccn=2004042477
或|lccn=e09001178
。別名:lccn。 - MR:數學評論;示例
|mr=630583
。別名:mr。 - OCLC:OCLC號用於在WorldCat聯合目錄檢索;示例
|oclc=9355469
。別名:oclc。 - ol:開放圖書館標識符;值中請勿包含「OL」;示例
|ol=7030731M
。別名:OL。 - OSTI:科技信息辦公室;示例
|osti=4367507
。別名:osti。 - PMC:PubMed Central;使用開放獲取期刊文章編號,如
|pmc=345678
。值中請勿包含「PMC」。 。別名:pmc。- embargo:PMC開放日期;若該日期在未來,則在此之前不會生成連結。別名:none。
- PMID:PubMed唯一標識符;示例
|pmid=17322060
。別名:pmid。 - RFC:請求意見稿;示例
|rfc=3143
。別名:rfc。 - SSRN:SSRN;示例
|ssrn=1900856
。別名:ssrn。 - s2cid:語義學者語料庫ID;示例
|s2cid=37220927
。別名:S2CID。 - unified:統一書號。別名:csbn、CSBN。
- ZBL:數學文摘;示例
|zbl=0472.53010
。對於類似JFM 35.0387.02
的zbMATH搜索結果請使用|jfm=35.0387.02
。別名:zbl。
部分標識符可通過對應的|參數-access=
參數指定訪問狀態。
對於{{cite journal}},當未使用|url=
和|title-link=
時,某些標識符(指定免費資源)會自動連結至標題。可通過|title-link=
的特殊關鍵字(|title-link=pmc
或|title-link=doi
)手動選擇連結目標,或使用|title-link=none
禁用此功能。
若標識符生成的連結與現有連結完全相同,則無需額外指定URL。此時|url=
(或|title-link=
)可用於提供直接文檔連結或便捷訪問連結。
A custom identifier can be specified through
- id:唯一標識符,在無專用標識符時使用;可添加內部連結或使用外部連結模板。例如
|id=NCJ 122967
將在引文末尾添加「NCJ 122967」。也可使用模板如|id={{NCJ|122967}}
來顯示美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 122967。
訂閱或註冊要求
[編輯]為方便讀者和其他編者,編者應在引用的外部連結中標註材料獲取限制級別。這些級別描述獲取材料的條件限制,不涉及材料版權狀態或重用權限(因其與可供查證無關)。
可使用四種訪問級別:
- 命名標識符訪問指示:
free
:所有人可免費閱讀
- URL參數訪問指示:
registration
:需在提供方免費註冊才能訪問(即使可能有無需註冊的有限預覽/摘要)limited
:有限度免費查閱,超限則需付費訂閱subscription
:僅限付費訂閱用戶訪問(「付費牆」)
URL參數訪問指示
[編輯]|url=
、|article-url=
等URL參數默認指向免費訪問內容。若非免費訪問,需用對應訪問指示參數添加圖標。因默認免費訪問,故無需標記free
。若註冊/訂閱內容失效,應移除訪問指示並添加|archive-url=
和|archive-date=
。
URL參數 | 訪問參數 | 允許值 |
---|---|---|
|url=
|
|url-access= |
registration ![]() limited ![]() subscription ![]() |
|article-url=
|
|article-url-access=
| |
|chapter-url=
|
|chapter-url-access=
| |
|contribution-url=
|
|contribution-url-access=
| |
|entry-url=
|
|entry-url-access=
| |
|map-url=
|
|map-url-access=
| |
|section-url=
|
|section-url-access=
|
示例:標註需註冊但非訂閱的網頁:
{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}
顯示為:
- Nifty example data
. 2021-04-15.
命名標識符訪問指示
[編輯]默認認為命名標識符連結需付費/註冊(例外見下)。若可免費訪問,需用對應參數添加圖標。若標識符僅提供摘要服務(無全文),則不可標記為limited
、registration
或subscription
。
標識符 | 訪問參數 | 允許值 |
---|---|---|
|bibcode=
|
|bibcode-access= |
free ![]() |
|doi=
|
|doi-access=
| |
|hdl=
|
|hdl-access=
| |
|jstor=
|
|jstor-access=
| |
|ol=
|
|ol-access=
| |
|osti=
|
|osti-access=
| |
|ssrn=
|
|ssrn-access=
| |
|s2cid=
|
|s2cid-access=
|
以下命名標識符始終免費訪問,無需參數,模板自動標註:
|arxiv=
|biorxiv=
|citeseerx=
|medrxiv=
|pmc=
|rfc=
未來將開放的PMC付費內容參見embargo。
引文
[編輯]- quote:從來源引用的相關文本。顯示為引號內文本。需包含終止標點(默認情況下引文會抑制引文終止符句號)。
- script-quote:非拉丁文字引文(阿拉伯文、西里爾文等)。必須前綴支持的語言代碼以確保瀏覽器正確顯示:
... |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=东京塔 ...
- trans-quote:外文引文的中文翻譯。顯示在方括號內。
- script-quote:非拉丁文字引文(阿拉伯文、西里爾文等)。必須前綴支持的語言代碼以確保瀏覽器正確顯示:
- quote-page:
|quote=
所引用的單頁頁碼。使用|quote-page=
或|quote-pages=
二者之一。應為|page=
、|pages=
或|at=
指定頁面的子集。 - 或:quote-pages:
|quote=
引用的頁面列表或範圍。使用|quote-page=
或|quote-pages=
二者之一。應為|pages=
或|at=
指定頁面的子集。用短橫線(–)分隔連續頁碼,用逗號(,)分隔非連續頁碼。
錨點
[編輯]The module creates HTML IDs by default suitable for use with shortened footnotes using the Harv- and sfn-family templates. These styles use in-text cites with a link that will jump to the ID created by the CS1 template. The ID is created from up to four author last names and the year, of the format CITEREFlastname(s)year
.
|ref=ID
: Creates a custom ID equivalent to the value ID. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The {{harvid}}
template may be used here to create an ID for the Harv- and sfn-family templates.
Kind | Wikitext | ID created | Targetable by |
---|---|---|---|
Default, one name | {{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}
|
CITEREFHardcastle2006
|
{{harv|Hardcastle|2006|pp=12-34}}
|
Default, two names | {{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |first2=George A. |last2=Reisch |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}
|
CITEREFHardcastleReisch2006
|
{{harv|Hardcastle|Reisch|2006|pp=12-34}}
|
|ref= using {{harvid}}
|
|ref={{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}}
|
CITEREFMonty_Python_and_Philosophy2006
|
{{harv|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006|pp=12-34}}
|
顯示選項
[編輯]These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles.
- mode:根據設定值調整元素分隔符、默認終止標點和特定大寫規則。
|mode=cs1
使用半角句號(.
)作為分隔符和終止標點;|mode=cs2
使用半角逗號(,
)作為分隔符,無終止標點,特定單詞保持小寫。分別對應引文樣式1和樣式2。覆蓋默認終止標點請使用postscript參數。
- author-mask(作者掩碼):
- contributor-mask(貢獻者掩碼):
- editor-mask(編輯掩碼):
- interviewer-mask(採訪者掩碼):
- subject-mask(主題掩碼):
- translator-mask(譯者掩碼):
- 用破折號或文本替換(首位)作者姓名。設為數字n時顯示n倍寬破折號;設為文本時直接顯示該文本(不帶後續分隔符,如「with」)。特殊值0需配合<name>-link使用,此時顯示連結文本。無論何種情況,仍需提供完整姓名以生成元數據。主要用於同一作者多部作品連續列出的參考文獻(如Template:Sfnote)。不可在
{{reflist}}
或<references />
生成的列表中使用(因無法控制引用顯示順序)。可通過添加枚舉值(如|authorn-mask=
)對特定姓名應用掩碼。
- 用破折號或文本替換(首位)作者姓名。設為數字n時顯示n倍寬破折號;設為文本時直接顯示該文本(不帶後續分隔符,如「with」)。特殊值0需配合<name>-link使用,此時顯示連結文本。無論何種情況,仍需提供完整姓名以生成元數據。主要用於同一作者多部作品連續列出的參考文獻(如Template:Sfnote)。不可在
- display-authors(顯示作者數):
- display-contributors(顯示貢獻者數):
- display-editors(顯示編輯數):
- display-interviewers(顯示採訪者數):
- display-subjects(顯示主題數):
- display-translators(顯示譯者數):
- 控制顯示的作者(或其他貢獻者)姓名數量。默認顯示全部姓名。例如
|display-authors=2
僅顯示前兩位作者(不影響其他貢獻者顯示)。特殊值|display-authors=0
隱藏所有作者(包括「etal」)。|display-authors=etal
顯示全部姓名後接「etal」。
- 控制顯示的作者(或其他貢獻者)姓名數量。默認顯示全部姓名。例如
- postscript(後置文本):控制引用結束標點。默認半角句號(
.
);設為|postscript=none
取消終止標點(留空等同於省略但語義模糊)。包含額外文本或多字符標點模板時會生成維護提示。定義quote參數時本參數無效。
et al.
[編輯]et al. is the abbreviation of the Latin et alii ('and others'). It is used to complete a list of authors of a published work, where the complete list is considered overly long. The abbreviation is widely used in English, thus it is not italicized per MOS:FOREIGN.
打印
[編輯]When viewing the page, CS1 templates render the URL to the title to create a link; when printing, the URL is printed. External link icons are not printed.
未包含元素
[編輯]Not all factually accurate pieces of information about a source are used in a Citation Style 1 citation. Examples of information not included:
- The total number of pages in a cited source
- The name of the library that provided access to an electronic copy of a cited source
- The name of the library that owns a physical copy of a cited work
- The library record or shelf location of a physical copy of a cited work
工具
[編輯]生成CS1引文
[編輯]- RefToolbar is part of the default source code editor.[Note 3] It include a "Templates" menu with {{cite web}}, {{cite journal}}, {{cite book}}, and {{cite news}}. When filling out a template from the RefToolbar, select the magnifying glass icon
to autofill the template's parameters.[Note 4]
- The default citation option in the Visual Editor attempts to build a full citation based on a URL or other identifier.[Note 4] It will automatically select a citation template.
- ProveIt provides an optional graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references.[Note 4]
- Citation expander adds a button to pass the current article to the Wikipedia citation bot, a tool that will automatically fill out additional parameter of existing citations.
- reFill Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.[Note 5]
- Zotero can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.
- Citer – generates full citation, shortened citation, and named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. It also supports some major news websites.
Template | Use | RefToolbar | ProveIt | Citation expander |
---|---|---|---|---|
{{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints | |||
{{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual sources | supported | ||
{{Cite AV media notes}} | liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media | |||
{{Cite book}} | books | supported | supported | supported |
{{Cite conference}} | conference papers | supported | ||
{{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections | supported | ||
{{Cite episode}} | television or radio programs and episodes | supported | ||
{{Cite interview}} | interviews | |||
{{Cite journal}} | academic and scientific papers published in journals | supported | supported | supported |
{{Cite magazine}} | magazines and newsletters | supported | ||
{{Cite mailing list}} | archived public mailing lists | |||
{{Cite map}} | maps | |||
{{Cite news}} | news articles in print, video, audio or web | supported | supported | Partially supported[Note 6] |
{{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups | |||
{{Cite podcast}} | audio or video podcast | |||
{{Cite press release}} | press releases | supported | ||
{{Cite report}} | reports by government departments, instrumentalities, operated companies, etc. | supported | ||
{{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials | |||
{{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques and other visual sources | supported | ||
{{Cite speech}} | speeches | |||
{{Cite tech report}} | technical reports | |||
{{Cite thesis}} | theses | supported | ||
{{Cite web}} | web sources not characterized by another template | supported | supported | supported |
可靠性小工具
[編輯]其他小工具
[編輯]模板數據
[編輯]This section documents interactions between WP:TemplateData and tools that use that data to edit Wikipedia such as VisualEditor and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions.
- If an argument is set to "required" the argument will be added to all templates edited by IABot. This including adding empty arguments. For example, when
|website=
is "required" IABot makes the following edit: [1].
常見問題
[編輯]|access-date=
does not show.- If
|url=
is not supplied, then|access-date=
does not show; by design. - The bare URL shows before the title.
- If the
|title=
field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see Web links. - The title appears in red.
- If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.
- The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.
- The URL must include the URI scheme in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example:
www.example.org/
vs.http://www.example.org/
. - A field is truncated.
- A pipe (
|
) in the value will truncate it. Use{{!}}
instead. - The template markup shows.
- Double open brackets [[ are used in a field without closing double brackets ]].
- The author shows in brackets with an external link icon.
- The use of an URL in
|author-link=
will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website. - Multiple author or editor names are defined and one or more does not show
- The parameters must be used in sequence, i.e. if
|last=
or|last1=
is not defined, then|last2=
will not show. By design. |page=
,|pages=
or|at=
do not show.- These parameters are mutually exclusive, and only one will show; by design.
參見
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]- ^ University of Chicago. The Chicago Manual of Style 17th. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017: 14.126. ISBN 978-0226104201.
- ^ "Some numbered series have gone on so long that, as with certain long-lived journals, numbering has started over again, preceded by n.s. (new series), 2nd ser. (second series), or some similar notation, usually enclosed in commas. (A change of publisher may also be the occasion for a change in series designation.) Books in the old series may be identified by o.s., 1st ser., or whatever complements the notation for the new series."[Note 1]
For instance the journal Physical Review, was numbered volumes 1–35 from 1893 to 1912 (the first series). From 1913 to 1969, the volume numbering restarted at 1 and went up to 188 (the second series). In 1970, Physical Review split into different parts, Physical Review A, Physical Review B, Physical Review C, and Physical Review D, where volumes again restarted at 1 (the third series). Since there are two publications identified as Physical Review, Volume 1, there is a need to distinguish which is which by use of
|series=First Series
or|series=Second Series
. While Physical Review A is in the third series of the Physical Review media franchise, it is the first series of the publication known as Physical Review A. Since there is no confusion about what Physical Review A, Volume 1 could be referring to, there is no need to clarify to which numbering series the journal belong.In particular, note that the
|series=
parameter is not to be used to distinguish the different parts of a media franchise, like Physical Review A, Acta Crystallographica Section A, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. - ^ The "Source Editing" WikiEditor includes refToolbar 2.0 and is the default editor.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Autofill is handled by Citoid, a service which will automatically fill a templates parameters when provided the URL, DOI, ISBN, PMID, PMCID or QID.
- ^ This is an open source version of the older Reflinks tool.
- ^ Citation expander will only attempt to tidy up the citation and will not add new content