User:TreyGD/sandbox

Remote Learning/Remote Work/AI (Draft)

1. Job Satisfaction

2. Work/Life Balance

3. Worker Productivity

Depending on your general personality disposition, this can change how productive you are during remote work phases. Olsen et al. found that with individuals that had high extraversion, when remote work is increased, they are much more likely to experience job dissatisfaction and less engagement with their job. This is similar to conscientiousness, but health deteriorates with individuals that have high conscientiousness and high remote work days. They also found that consistent with other studies, neuroticism positively correlates to negative health. - Olsen et al

Para et al,. 2022- Finds that Neuroticism has a positive relation (β=.14, P<.038) with Remote Work Exhaustion (RWE), and agreeableness (β=-.34, P<.0001) and conscientiousness (β= -.26, P<.0001) have a negative relation with RWE, with decent effect signs. They also found that Openness and Extraversion are not statistically significant enough to be considered

Attitudes for teleworking:

Marhadi and Hendarman showed that attitudes towards working in a remote work capacity are not influenced by any of the Big Five. The only one close to being significant was openness but that was when they increased the P to.1

Gavoille and Hazans- state that Conscientiousness, Openness, and Extraversion have effects on Productivity and willingness to work from home. They found that Extraversion has a strong positive correlation with a willingness to work from home, but a negative correlation with productivity from home. This is different from Openness and Conscientiousness, which both have a positive correlation with Willingness and Productivity, with Conscientiousness being much stronger

Sandra Wright stated:

Job Performance

Conscientiousness positively correlated with overall job performance, task performance, and context performance. Openness: positive correlation in overall job performance, task performance, and context performance. Extraversion and Agreeableness: positive correlation with contextual performance.

Task performance things:

Conscientiousness: positive correlation with both organizational skill and efficiency. Neuroticism: Negative correlation with Efficiency

Contextual Performance:

Conscientiousness: significance in Persistent effort, cooperation, and organizational conscientiousness

Openness- Only significant in persistent effort

Agreeableness- organizational conscientiousness

Neuroticism: negative correlation with Persistent effort

Extraversion: Significance with cooperation

Interpersonal and relational skills: openness (p <.001) and extraversion (P<.009)

Remote Work (Final)- Adam

As of 2020, remote work has become more and more prevalent as brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, research has shown that the Big Five personality traits still influence remote work. Gavoille and Hazans have found that conscientiousness (β=0.06) and openness to experience are both positively correlated with willingness to work and worker productivity within a remote setting, with openness to experience being less significant (β=0.021). This is then contrasted with extraversion (β=-0.038), which negatively correlates with Willingness to work and openness. Another conclusion that was found is that gender did not play a role in the difference between conscientiousness and extraversion, and willingness to work from home. Similarly, Wright investigated the influence of Big Five on the soft skills in the remote workplace, such as effort and cooperation. She delineated soft skills into two different groups, Task Performance and Contextual Performance, with each having three subgroups. Task Performance was more aligned with specific job responsibilities and handling cognitive tasks associated with their job, and the three subgroups were Job Knowledge, Organizational Skills, and Efficiency. Wright found that Job Knowledge did not correlate with any Big Five traits, Organizational Skill is only significantly correlated with Conscientiousness (T=7.952, P=.001), and Efficiency is significantly correlated with Conscientiousness (T=3.8, P=.001), and Neuroticism(T=-2.6, P=.008), which it is a negative correlation. Contextual Performance is concerned with non-job core requirements, such as perceived effort and job cooperation, with the subgroups being Persistent Effort, Cooperation, and Organizational Conscientiousness. Wright found that Persistent Effort is positively correlated with Openness(t=2.4, P=.014) and Conscientiousness (T=3.1, P=.002), and negatively correlated with Neuroticism (T=-3.2, P=.001). Cooperation was positively correlated with Extraversion (t=2.6, P=.009) and Conscientiousness (t=2.82, P=.005), as well as Organizational Conscientiousness was positively correlated with Agreeableness (t=4.059, P<.001) and Conscientiousness (t=4.511, P<.001)

On another tack, scientists wanted to discover if the Big Five has any effect on remote worker burnout, and the effect that different Big Five traits have on worker health and engagement. Olsen et al found that when remote work days are increased, individuals high in extraversion start to struggle with work engagement (β=-.094, P<.03), and individuals with higher neuroticism are more likely to have poorer health (p= -.23), work engagement (p=-.18), and an increase in sick leaves(p=.38). However, Olsen found that conscientiousness, coupled with an increase in remote work days, can lead to a decrease in general health, contrary to all of the benefits it has listed above. Similarly, Para et al. found that individuals with higher Neuroticism (β=.138, p<.05) also tend to have higher Remote Work Exhaustion (RWE). They also found that conscientiousness(β=-.336, p<.001) and agreeableness (β=-.267, p<.001) were negatively correlated with RWE, meaning that they were more resilient against RWE over large spans of remote work days. The author attributed conscientious individuals to being hard workers and dependable, while agreeableness was attributed to the situation the study was completed under, which was the at-home quarantine due to COVID-19, stating individuals with high agreeableness did well with the forced contact due to quarantine, which transferred over to their work.

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5/11/25

Asselmann and Sprecht examined the association of Big Five (BFI-S) and romantic relationships through major life events across years in 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017 with a sample of 49,932 participants in Germany. Those major life events referred to (1) moving in with a partner, (2) getting married, (3) getting separated, and (4) getting divorced.  The key findings showed that more extraverted individuals were more likely to move in with a partner.  Less agreeable and less emotionally stable women were more likely to move in with a partner.  Men were more extraverted in the years before moving in and became gradually more open and more conscientious after moving in.  Individuals who got married were less agreeable in years before marriage. Individuals who got married became less open in the first three years after marriage.  Individuals who were separated were less agreeable and less emotionally stable in years before relationship breakup.  Both men and women became less emotionally stable after separated. Women became more extraverted after being separated.  Individuals who got divorced were less agreeable in the years before getting divorced.  Both men and women became emotionally unstable after this event.  The results implicated that personality may change after specific events. For example, both men and women who experienced separation or divorce became less emotionally stable in the following years. The results also implicated that total agreeableness was not a guarantee for long lasting romantic relationships.  Individuals who were less agreeable were more likely to experience both major positive romantic events (moving in with a partner and getting married) and major negative romantic events (getting separated and getting divorced).

Big Five and Romantic Relationships [updated by Su, 4/15/2025]

[introduction paragraph, Su]

Researchers have examined whether the Big Five personality traits play a significant role in romantic relationships. Along the spectrum of a person’s life satisfaction, marital satisfaction (one of romantic relationships) is shown stronger than job satisfaction, health satisfaction, and social satisfaction.  With high divorce rate in the US, Modern Family Law estimated that 40% to 50% of first marriages ended up in divorce; 60-67%, second marriages; greater than 70%, third marriages. A number of researchers have found that romantic relationships and Big Five personality traits are closely related.  

[paragraph on satisfaction, Trey and Su]  Various researchers have explored the association of Big Five and romantic relationships in terms of relationship satisfaction. Malouff et al [2010] conducted a meta-analysis which showed that there was a higher level of marital satisfaction if their spouse showed lower levels in neuroticism, but higher levels in agreeableness and conscientiousness. There was only a weak correlation (.22, .15, .12) but it was the same level of satisfaction for both genders. Much like the previous meta analysis [ref] a study done on self-reported big five traits showed that those who had higher levels of agreeableness (.20), emotional stability, conscientiousness, and extraversion had higher levels of marital satisfaction. That same study found that there was little to no difference in marital satisfaction if the two partners had similar or different levels of trait personality.

[paragraph on major life event, Su ] Asselmann and Sprecht examined the association of Big Five (BFI-S) and romantic relationships through major life events across years in 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017 with a sample of 49,932 participants in Germany. Those major life events referred to (1) moving in with a partner, (2) getting married, (3) getting separated, and (4) getting divorced. The key findings showed that more extraverted individuals were more likely to move in with a partner. Less agreeable and less emotionally stable women were more likely to move in with a partner. Men were more extraverted in the years before moving in and became gradually more open and more conscientious after moving in. Less agreeable men were more likely to get married. Individuals who got married became less open in the first three years after the marriage. Women became more extraverted after being separated. Men with lower emotional stability and women who were both less emotionally stable and more extraverted were more prone to experiencing relationship breakups. Individuals who got divorced were less agreeable in the years before the divorce. Personality may change after specific events. For example, both men and women who experienced separation or divorce became less emotionally stable in the following years. The results implicated that total agreeableness was not a guarantee for long lasting romantic relationships as individuals who were less agreeable were more likely to experience both positive and negative major romantic events.

[paragraph on commitment levels, Su] O’Brien and colleagues [2008] examined the association of Big Five and romantic relationships by investigating participants’ commitment levels.  The three levels of commitment referred to affective commitment (emotional attachment), continuance commitment (financial considerations), and normative commitment (the ethical and moral responsibilities).  The commitment levels were based on the taxonomy of organizational commitment [Allen and Meyer, 1990] and the conceptual model of marital commitment of Johnson [1999] and Johnson et al [1999].  122 Individuals currently in a committed relationship responded to 50-item Personality items from International Personality Item Pool (IPIP, 2006), and a questionnaire on commitment.  The key findings showed that participants high in Extraversion reported high levels of affective commitment; participants high on Extraversion were higher on Openness to Experience and affective commitment. Conscientiousness demonstrated a negative relationship with continuance commitment.  While Extraversion and Agreeableness exhibited a positive correlation with each other, no significant relationships were found between Agreeableness and any of the commitment measures.  The findings indicated gender differences in that women with lower levels of Openness to Experience were often paired with partners who scored higher in Extraversion.  Men who exhibited strong affective commitment were more likely to be in relationships with women high in Conscientiousness. Additionally, women whose partners showed high affective commitment tended to be higher in both Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability.

New References for Romantic Relationships [Su]

1. Enya.  Only time.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wfYIMyS_dI
2. Heller, D., Watson, D., & Ilies, R. (2004). The Role of Person Versus Situation in Life Satisfaction: A Critical Examination. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 574–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.574
3. Modern Family Law (2024).  Top 10 Divorce Statistics You Need To Know. https://www.modernfamilylaw.com/resources/top-10-divorce-statistics-you-need-to-know
4. Donnellan, M.Brent & Conger, Rand & Bryant, Chalandra. (2004). The Big Five and enduring marriages. Journal of Research in Personality. 38. 481-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.01.001
5. Johnson, M. P. (1999). Personal, moral, and structural commitment to relationships: Experiences of choice and constraint. In J. M. Adams & W. H. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal commitment and relationship stability(pp. 73–87). Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4773-0_4
6. Johnson, M. P., Caughlin, J. P., & Huston, T. L. (1999). The Tripartite Nature of Marital Commitment: Personal, Moral, and Structural Reasons to Stay Married. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(1), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.2307/35389
7. Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1990) The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x

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Romantic Relationships (Draft)

1. Satisfaction

- A meta analysis showed that there was a higher level of marital satisfaction if their spouse showed lower levels in neuroticism, but higher levels in agreeableness and conscientiousness. There was only a weak correlation (.22, .15, .12) but it was the same level of satisfaction for both genders. Much like the previous meta analysis a study done on self-reported big five traits showed that those who had higher levels of agreeableness (.20), emotional stability, conscientiousness, and extraversion had higher levels of marital satisfaction. That same study found that there was little to no difference in marital satisfaction if the two partners had similar or different levels of trait personality.

2. Quality

3. Commitment levels

4. Major Life Events

Getting into a long term romantic relationship can qualify as a major life event and has the ability to kick start personality development in young adults ages 20-30 as they are faced with new social situations and expectations. For instance high levels of trait neuroticism at the beginning of relationships can be seen decreasing over a span of 8 years once the relationship has begun. As well as other Big Five personality traits such as conscientiousness and agreeableness can be seen increasing in long term relationships. (Perhaps because people in relationships sometimes have to do things outside of their typical interest in order to keep their partner happy or those who live together need to be more conscientious of the shared space they live in? Could be something to look into in the future).

Key Concept

Big Five and Major Events in Romantic Relationship

One of the key concepts is to explore the association between Big Five and the major events in romantic relationship.  The major events constitute moving in with a partner, getting married, getting separated, and getting divorced.  Asselmann and Specht (2020) conducted a study in Germany with a sample of 49,932 men and women through all life span.  The study sample was divided into test group and control group.  Using the short version of the Big Five, the Big Five personality traits were tested and retested at different time intervals in 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017.  The study results were based on standardized beta coefficient of multilevel mixed effect model.  The main findings with regard to moving in with a partner showed that extraversion (beta = 0.119), agreeableness (beta = - 0.077) and emotional stability (beta = - 0.076) were found to be significant in that … …

(other findings)

• Getting married          …
• Getting separated       …
• Getting divorced         …

Main findings on gender differences … …

Significance of the study .. …

Romantic Relationships (Final)- Trey and Kui

Various researchers have explored the association of Big Five and romantic relationships in terms of relationship satisfaction . A meta-analysis showed that there was a higher level of marital satisfaction if their spouse showed lower levels in neuroticism (.22), but higher levels in agreeableness (.15) and conscientiousness(.12). There was only a weak correlation, but it was the same level of satisfaction for both genders. Much like the previous meta-analysis, a study on self-reported big five traits showed that those with higher levels of agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness, and extraversion had higher levels of marital satisfaction(.20). That same study found that there was little to no difference in marital satisfaction if the two partners had similar or different levels of trait personality.

O’Brien and colleagues examined the association of Big Five and romantic relationships by investigating participants’ commitment levels. The three levels of commitment are affective commitment (emotional attachment), continuance commitment (financial considerations), and normative commitment (the ethical and moral responsibilities). The commitment levels were based on the taxonomy of organizational commitment and the conceptual model of marital commitment of Johnson and Johnson et al . 122 Individuals currently in a committed relationship responded to a 50-item personality questionnaire from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP, 2006), and a questionnaire on commitment modified from Allen. The key findings showed that participants high in Extraversion reported high levels of affective commitment; participants high on Extraversion were higher on Openness to Experience and affective commitment. Conscientiousness demonstrated a negative relationship with continuance commitment. While Extraversion and Agreeableness exhibited a positive correlation with each other, no significant relationships were found between Agreeableness and any of the commitment measures. The findings indicated gender differences in that women with lower levels of Openness to Experience were often paired with partners who scored higher in Extraversion.  Men who exhibited strong affective commitment were more likely to be in relationships with women high in Conscientiousness. Additionally, women whose partners showed high affective commitment tended to be higher in both Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability.

Asselmann and Sprecht examined the association of Big Five (BFI-S) and romantic relationships through major life events across years in 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017 with a sample of 49,932 participants in Germany. Those major life events are (1) moving in with a partner, (2) getting married, (3) getting separated, and (4) getting divorced. Researchers also examined whether the Big Five personality traits play a significant role in romantic relationships. Along the spectrum of a person’s life satisfaction, marital satisfaction (one of romantic relationships) is shown to be stronger than job satisfaction, health satisfaction, and social satisfaction. The key findings from Ashelmann and Sprecht showed that more extraverted individuals were more likely to move in with a partner. Less agreeable and less emotionally stable women were more likely to move in with a partner. Men were more extraverted in the years before moving in and became gradually more open and more conscientious after moving in. Less agreeable men were more likely to get married. Individuals who got married became less open in the first three years after the marriage. Women became more extraverted after being separated. Men with lower emotional stability and women who were both less emotionally stable and more extraverted were more prone to experiencing relationship breakups. Individuals who got divorced were less agreeable in the years before the divorce. Personality may change after specific events. For example, both men and women who experienced separation or divorce became less emotionally stable in the following years. The results implicated that total agreeableness was not a guarantee for long-lasting romantic relationships, as less agreeable individuals were more likely to experience both positive and negative major romantic events. Getting into a long-term romantic relationship can kick-start personality development in young adults ages 20-30 as they are faced with new social situations and expectations. For instance, high levels of trait neuroticism at the beginning of relationships can be seen decreasing over 8 years once the relationship has begun, as well as other Big Five personality traits, such as Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, can be seen increasing in long-term relationships.

1,000-1,500 Words

Power Point Suggestions?

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KUI Sources

Addition Paragraph  to Wiki Big Five:

Various researchers have explored the association of Big Five and romantic relationships in terms of relationship satisfaction [Weidmann et al. 2017; Bach et al, 2025; O’Meara and South, 2019; Weidmann et al, 2017].  Jason White and colleagues [2004] examined the association of Big Five variables and romantic relationships from the perspective of relationship constructs; while Holland and Roisman [2008], by looking into the quality of romantic relationships.  O’Brien and colleagues [2008] examined the association of Big Five and romantic relationships by investigating participants’ commitment levels.  Asselmann and Sprecht [2020] examined the association of Big Five and romantic relationships through major life events.

References for Big Five and Romantic Relationships

1. Weidmann, R., Ledermann T., & Grob, A. (2017).  Big Five traits and relationship satisfaction: The mediating role of self-esteem.  Journal of research in personality, 69, 102-109. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656616300496.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.001

2. Kathrin Bach, Marco Koch, Frank M. Spinath. Relationship satisfaction and The Big Five – Utilizing longitudinal data covering 9 years.  Personality and Individual Differences Volume 233, February 2025, 112887.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112887

3. O'Meara, M. S., & South, S. C. (2019). Big Five personality domains and relationship satisfaction: Direct effects and correlated change over time. Journal of personality, 87(6), 1206–1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12468.  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jopy.12468

4. 4.Jason K. White,Susan S. Hendrick,Clyde Hendrick.  Big five personality variables and relationship constructs.   Personality and Individual Differences Volume 37, Issue 7, November 2004, Pages 1519-1530.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.019

5. Holland, A. S., & Roisman, G. I. (2008). Big Five personality traits and relationship quality: Self-reported, observational, and physiological evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(5), 811-829. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508096697.

6. Asselmann, Eva,Specht, Jule.  Taking the ups and downs at the rollercoaster of love: Associations between major life events in the domain of romantic relationships and the Big Five personality traits.  Developmental Psychology, Vol 56(9), Sep 2020, 1803-1816.  https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2020-51223-001

7. O'Brien, Ruth S.; Smithson, Joy N.; Weathington, Barth L.; and Booher, Lauran R. (2008) Big five personality characteristics and commitment levels in romantic relationships. Modern Psychological Studies: Vol. 13 : No. 2 , Article 10. https://scholar.utc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=mps

8. Rebekka Weidmann, Felix D. Schönbrodt, Thomas Ledermann, Alexander Grob.  Concurrent and longitudinal dyadic polynomial regression analyses of Big Five traits and relationship satisfaction: Does similarity matter?,  Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 70, 2017, Pages 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.04.003. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656616302495

References for Big Five and Remote Work

1. Nicolas Gavoille and Mihails Hazans.  Personality Traits, Remote Work and Productivity.  August, 22, 2022, IZA – Institute of Labor Economics.  https://docs.iza.org/dp15486.pdf.

2. Olsen, Espen; Fu, Yusheng; Jensen, Maria. (2024).  The Influence of Remote Work on Personality Trait–Performance Linkages: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study. Administrative Sciences, 14 (7):144.   DOI: 10.3390/admsci14070144

ADAMS Sources

Parra, C. M., Gupta, M., & Cadden, T. (2022). Towards an understanding of remote work exhaustion: A study on the effects of individuals’ big five personality traits. Journal of Business Research, 150, 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.009

Marhadi, A. B., & Hendarman, A. F. (2020). Identifying the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and attitudes towards teleworking of Generation Z. American International Journal of Business Management, 3(7), 76-85.

O’Neill T. A., Hambley, L. A., & Chatellier, G. S. (2014). Cyberslacking, engagement, and personality in distributed work environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 152-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.08.005: Still in the works!

Extroversion and conscientiousness predict deteriorating job outcomes during the COVID-19 transition to enforced remote work. (2022). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(3), 781–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211039092- Still in the works

TREYS Sources

Neyer, F. J., & Lehnart, J. (2007). Relationships matter in personality development: Evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study across young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 75(3), 535–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00448.x (Personality and relationships)

Malouff J.M, Thorsteinsson E.B, Schutte N.S, Bhullar N, Rooke S.E. The Five-Factor Model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality. 2010;44:124–127. (Martial satisfaction in spousal big 5 traits

Dyrenforth P.S, Kashy D.A, Donnellan M.B, Lucas R.E. Predicting relationship and life satisfaction from personality in nationally representative samples from three countries: The relative importance of actor, partner, and similarity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010;99:690–702. (martial satisfaction with personal big 5 traits)