User:EdwardJS97/sandbox
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Article Evaluation: Genetics in fiction
[edit]- Has a large number of recent sources - good
- Neutral and unbiased - good
- Has a good amount of examples of genetics in fiction - good
- All points seem to be well represented (both positive and negative and many different aspects of genetics) - good
This article is actually pretty well flushed out. Although, maybe a section on how the fictional genetics relates to the real genetics could improve it.
Edward and Kaleb's project
[edit]Drafting Space:
Quantum network - Quantum networks for communication
In the realm of quantum communication, one wants to send qubits from one quantum processor to another over long distances. This way local quantum networks can be intra connected into a quantum internet. A quantum internet[1] supports many applications, which derive their power from the fact that by creating quantum entangled qubits, information can be transmitted between the remote quantum processors. Most applications of a quantum internet require only very modest quantum processors. For most quantum internet protocols, such as quantum key distribution in quantum cryptography, it is sufficient if these processors are capable of preparing and measuring only a single qubit at a time. This is in contrast to quantum computing where interesting applications can only be realized if the (combined) quantum processors can easily simulate more qubits than a classical computer (around 60[2]). Quantum internet applications require only small quantum processors, often just a single qubit, because quantum entanglement can already be realized between just two qubits. A simulation of an entangled quantum system on a classical computer can not simultaneously provide the same security and speed.
Overview of the elements of a quantum network
The basic structure of a quantum network and more generally a quantum internet is analogous to a classical network. First, we have end nodes on which applications are ultimately run. These end nodes are quantum processors of at least one qubit. Some applications of a quantum internet require quantum processors of several qubits as well as a quantum memory at the end nodes.
Second, to transport qubits from one node to another, we need communication lines. For the purpose of quantum communication, standard telecom fibers can be used. For networked quantum computing, in which quantum processors are linked at short distances, different wavelengths are chosen depending on the exact hardware platform of the quantum processor.
Third, to make maximum use of communication infrastructure, one requires optical switches capable of delivering qubits to the intended quantum processor. These switches need to preserve quantum coherence, which makes them more challenging to realize than standard optical switches.
Finally, One requires a quantum repeater to transport qubits over long distances. Repeaters appear in-between end nodes[3]. Since qubits cannot be copied, classical signal amplification is not possible. By necessity, a quantum repeater works in a fundamentally different way than a classical repeater.
Elements of a quantum network
[edit]End nodes: quantum processors
[edit]End nodes can both receive and emit information[3]. Telecommunication lasers and parametric down-conversion combined with photodetectors can be used for quantum key distribution. In this case, the end nodes can in many cases be very simple devices consisting only of beamsplitters and photodetectors.
However, for many protocols more sophisticated end nodes are desirable. These systems provide advanced processing capabilities and can also be used as quantum repeaters. Their chief advantage is that they can store and retransmit quantum information without disrupting the underlying quantum state. The quantum state being stored can either be the relative spin of an electron in a magnetic field or the energy state of an electron[3]. They can also perform quantum logic gates.
One way of realizing such end nodes is by using color centers in diamond, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center. This system forms a small quantum processor featuring several qubits. NV centers can be utilized at room temperatures[3]. Small scale quantum algorithms and quantum error correction[4] has already been demonstrated in this system, as well as the ability to entangle two remote[5] quantum processors, and perform deterministic quantum teleportation.[6]
Another possible platform are quantum processors based on Ion traps, which utilize radio-frequency magnetic fields and lasers[3]. In a multispecies trapped-ion node network, photons entangled with a parent atom are used to entangle different nodes[7]. Also, cavity quantum electrodynamics (Cavity QED) is one possible method of doing this. In Cavity QED, photonic quantum states can be transferred to and from atomic quantum states stored in single atoms contained in optical cavities. This allows for the transfer of quantum states between single atoms using optical fiber in addition to the creation of remote entanglement between distant atoms.[3][8][9]
Communication lines: physical layer
[edit]Over long distances, the primary method of operating quantum networks is to use optical networks and photon-based qubits. This is due to optical networks having a reduced chance of decoherence. Optical networks have the advantage of being able to re-use existing optical fiber. Alternately, free space networks can be implemented that transmit quantum information through the atmosphere or through a vacuum.[10]
Fiber optic networks
[edit]Optical networks using existing telecommunication fiber can be implemented using hardware similar to existing telecommunication equipment. This fiber can be either single-mode or multi-mode, with multi-mode allowing for more precise communication[3]. At the sender, a single photon source can be created by heavily attenuating a standard telecommunication laser such that the mean number of photons per pulse is less than 1. For receiving, an avalanche photodetectorcan be used. Various methods of phase or polarization control can be used such as interferometers and beam splitters. In the case of entanglement based protocols, entangled photons can be generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion. In both cases, the telecom fiber can be multiplexed to send non-quantum timing and control signals.
Free space networks
[edit]Free space quantum networks operate similar to fiber optic networks but rely on line of sight between the communicating parties instead of using a fiber optic connection. Free space networks can typically support higher transmission rates than fiber optic networks and do not have to account for polarization scrambling caused by optical fiber.[11] However, over long distances, free space communication is subject to an increased chance of environmental disturbance on the photons[3].
Importantly, free space communication is also possible from a satellite to the ground. A quantum satellite capable of entanglement distribution over a distance of 1203 km[12] has been demonstrated. These satellites can play an important role in linking smaller ground-based networks over larger distances.
- ^ Kimble, H. J. (2008-06-19). "The quantum internet". Nature. 453 (7198): 1023–1030. arXiv:0806.4195. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.1023K. doi:10.1038/nature07127. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18563153. S2CID 4404773.
- ^ Pednault, Edwin; Gunnels, John A.; Nannicini, Giacomo; Horesh, Lior; Magerlein, Thomas; Solomonik, Edgar; Wisnieff, Robert (2017-10-16). "Breaking the 49-Qubit Barrier in the Simulation of Quantum Circuits". arXiv:1710.05867 [quant-ph].
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rodney., Van Meter (2014). Quantum Networking. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 127–196. ISBN 9781118648926. OCLC 879947342.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Cramer, J.; Kalb, N.; Rol, M. A.; Hensen, B.; Blok, M. S.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Hanson, R.; Taminiau, T. H. (2016-05-05). "Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback". Nature Communications. 7: ncomms11526. arXiv:1508.01388. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711526C. doi:10.1038/ncomms11526. PMID 27146630. S2CID 18655832.
- ^ Hensen, B.; Bernien, H.; Dréau, A. E.; Reiserer, A.; Kalb, N.; Blok, M. S.; Ruitenberg, J.; Vermeulen, R. F. L.; Schouten, R. N. (2015-10-29). "Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres". Nature. 526 (7575): 682–686. arXiv:1508.05949. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..682H. doi:10.1038/nature15759. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26503041. S2CID 205246446.
- ^ Pfaff, Wolfgang; Hensen, Bas; Bernien, Hannes; van Dam, Suzanne B.; Blok, Machiel S.; Taminiau, Tim H.; Tiggelman, Marijn J.; Schouten, Raymond N.; Markham, Matthew (2014-08-01). "Unconditional quantum teleportation between distant solid-state qubits". Science. 345 (6196): 532–535. arXiv:1404.4369. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..532P. doi:10.1126/science.1253512. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25082696. S2CID 2190249.
- ^ Inlek, I. V.; Crocker, C.; Lichtman, M.; Sosnova, K.; Monroe, C. (2017-06-23). "Multispecies Trapped-Ion Node for Quantum Networking". Physical Review Letters. 118 (25): 250502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.250502. PMID 28696766. S2CID 44046802.
- ^ Pellizzari, T; Gardiner, SA; Cirac, JI; Zoller, P (1995), "Decoherence, continuous observation, and quantum computing: A cavity QED model", Physical Review Letters, 75 (21): 3788–3791, Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.3788P, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.3788, PMID 10059732
- ^ Ritter, Stephan; Nölleke, Christian; Hahn, Carolin; Reiserer, Andreas; Neuzner, Andreas; Uphoff, Manuel; Müicke, Martin; Figueroa, Eden; Bochmann, Joerg; Rempe, Gerhard (2012), "An elementary quantum network of single atoms in optical cavities", Nature, 484 (7393): 195–200, arXiv:1202.5955, Bibcode:2012Natur.484..195R, doi:10.1038/nature11023, PMID 22498625, S2CID 205228562
- ^ Gisson, Nicolas; Ribordy, Grégoire; Tittel, Wolfgang; Zbinden, Hugo (2002), "Quantum cryptography", Reviews of Modern Physics, 74 (1): 145, arXiv:quant-ph/0101098, Bibcode:2002RvMP...74..145G, doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.145, S2CID 6979295
- ^ Hughes, Richard J; Nordholt, Jane E; Derkacs, Derek; Peterson, Charles G (2002), "Practical free-space quantum key distribution over 10 km in daylight and at night", New Journal of Physics, 4 (1): 43, arXiv:quant-ph/0206092, Bibcode:2002NJPh....4...43H, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/4/1/343, S2CID 119468993
- ^ Yin, Juan; Cao, Yuan; Li, Yu-Huai; Liao, Sheng-Kai; Zhang, Liang; Ren, Ji-Gang; Cai, Wen-Qi; Liu, Wei-Yue; Li, Bo (2017-07-05). "Satellite-Based Entanglement Distribution Over 1200 kilometers". Science. 356 (2017): 1140–1144. arXiv:1707.01339. doi:10.1126/science.aan3211. PMID 28619937. S2CID 5206894.