Jump to content

User:Citation unneeded/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sound correspondences between English accents

[edit]

Current representation of sets

[edit]

This section contains the section of each set in the large current table. All realizations which are not part of that set (whether internal or merged) are deleted and the cells are merged for clarity.

TRAP

[edit]
Dia-

phoneme[i]

Keyword Examples AmE AuE[1][2] BahE BarE CaE[3] Cameroonian English[4] CIE EnE FiE InE[5] IrE[6] NZE[7][8] Newfoundland English[9] PaE ScE[10] SIE SAE[11][12] SSE WaE[13]
AAVE Boston accent Cajun English California English Chicano English General American[14][15][7] Inland Northern American English Miami accent Mid-Atlantic English New York accent Philadelphia accent Southern American English Brummie[16] Southern England English Northern England English RP Ulster English West & South-West Irish English Dublin English Supraregional southern Irish English Abercraf English Port Talbot English Cardiff English
Non-Rhotic Rhotic Older Younger Northern Southern Non-Rhotic Older Rhotic Older Non-Rhotic Rhotic Cultivated General Broad Cockney Estuary English (EE) MLE[17] West Country Cumbrian Geordie Lancashire Manchester Pitmatic Scouse Yorkshire Conservative[18][19] Contemporary (SSBE)[20] Belfast Mid-Ulster traditional Ulster Scots Local Dublin English New Dublin English Cultivated General Broad Cultivated General Broad
æ TRAP ham ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯[ii] æ eə~ɛə æ~ɛə̯~eə̯ eə̯~ɛə̯~æ[ii] eə̯~ɪə̯ æ ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii] æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[ii] æɛæ~eə eə̯~æjə[ii] æː[iii] æː~ɛː[iii] æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː[iii] æ~a a æ~ɛə̯[ii] a̽ æ a æ~ɛ~ɛɪ æ~a~ɛ̞ ɐ̞ æː~aː a~ä a a~ä a a~ä æ aː[iii] æ æ~ɛ äː~a æ a æ~a æ ɛ ɛ̝ æ æ ä ɑ~æ æ a~æ æ~ɛ~e̞ ɛ[21] a aː[iii] aː~æː[iii]
bad æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ æ~ɛə̯ æ~ɛə̯ ɛ~æ~a~ä æ~æ̞ æ æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii] æ æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ æ~a̝
lad æ a̝~æ æ~ɛ æ~ɛ a a a~æ (TRAP-BATH split is variable)
ɑː / æ BATH
ɑː PALM

BATH

[edit]
Dia-

phoneme[iv]

Keyword Examples AmE AuE[1][2] BahE BarE CaE[3] Cameroonian English[4] CIE EnE FiE InE[5] IrE[6] NZE[7][8] Newfoundland English[9] PaE ScE[10] SIE SAE[11][12] SSE WaE[13]
AAVE Boston accent Cajun English California English Chicano English General American[14][15][7] Inland Northern American English Miami accent Mid-Atlantic English New York accent Philadelphia accent Southern American English Brummie[16] Southern England English Northern England English RP Ulster English West & South-West Irish English Dublin English Supraregional southern Irish English Abercraf English Port Talbot English Cardiff English
Non-Rhotic Rhotic Older Younger Northern Southern Non-Rhotic Older Rhotic Older Non-Rhotic Rhotic Cultivated General Broad Cockney Estuary English (EE) MLE[17] West Country Cumbrian Geordie Lancashire Manchester Pitmatic Scouse Yorkshire Conservative[18][19] Contemporary (SSBE)[20] Belfast Mid-Ulster traditional Ulster Scots Local Dublin English New Dublin English Cultivated General Broad Cultivated General Broad
æ TRAP ham æ eə̯~ɪə̯ æ æ~a a̽ a æː~aː a~ä a a~ä a a~ä äː~a æ ä a
bad æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ æ~ɛə̯ ɛ~æ~a~ä æ~æ̞ æ æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ æ~a̝
lad a a~æ (TRAP-BATH split is variable)
ɑː / æ BATH ä~a ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii] æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[ii] æɛ~æe äː äː~ɐː aː ɑː ɑː ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː ɑː ɑ̟ː ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː a~ɑ äː æː~aː aː ɐː~äː æː ɑ ɑ̟ː ɑː ɒː~ɔː ä[22]
ɑː PALM

PALM

[edit]
Dia-

phoneme[v]

AmE AuE[23][24] BahE BajE CaE[25] Cameroonian English[26] CIE EnE FiE InE[27] IrE[28] NZE[29][30] Newfoundland English[9] PaE ScE[31] SIE SAE[32][33] SSE WaE[34] Keyword Examples
AAVE Boston accent Cajun English California English Chicano English General American[35][36][29] Inland Northern American English Miami accent Mid-Atlantic accent New York accent Philadelphia English Southern American English Brummie[37] Southern England English Northern England English RP Ulster English South-West Irish English Dublin English Standard Irish English Abercraf English Port Talbot English Cardiff English
Non-Rhotic Rhotic Older Younger Northern Southern Non-Rhotic Older Rhotic Older Non-Rhotic Rhotic Cultivated General Broad Cockney Estuary English (EE) MLE[38] West Country Cumbrian Geordie Lancashire Manchester Pitmatic Scouse Yorkshire Conservative[39][40] Contemporary (SSBE)[41] Belfast Mid-Ulster Traditional Ulster Scots Local New Cultivated General Broad Cultivated General Broad
æ a̽ ä TRAP ham
bad
lad
ɑː / æ ä~a äː äː~ɐː aː ɑː ɑː ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː ɑː ɑ̟ː ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː äː æː~aː aː ɐː~äː ɑ̟ː ɑː ɒː~ɔː ä[42] BATH pass
ɑː a~ä~ɑ a~ä ɑ ä~ɑ~ɒ ä~a ɑ~ä a~ä ɑ ɑ̟ː ɑ~ä ɑ ɑ ɒ~ɑ ɑː ɒ~ɑ äː ɒː~ɑː äː aː~ɑː äː aː äː~ɑː æ~ɑː ɑː ɑː aː aː~æː PALM father
ɒ LOT not
ɒ / ɔː CLOTH off[vi]
ɔː THOUGHT law
pause

PALM

[edit]
Accent Realizations Mergers
Away from PALM
PALM-BATH merger
American English AAVE[citation needed] Non-Rhotic Red XN
Rhotic
Boston accent[citation needed] Older ä~a Green tickY
Younger Red XN
Cajun English[citation needed]
California English[citation needed] Northern
Southern
Chicano English[citation needed]
General American[43][44][45]
Inland Northern American English[citation needed]
Miami accent[citation needed]
Mid-Atlantic English[citation needed]
New York accent[citation needed] Non-Rhotic
Older
Rhotic
Philadelphia accent[citation needed]
Southern American English[citation needed] Older
Non-Rhotic
Rhotic
Australian English[46][47] Cultivated äː Green tickY
General äː~ɐː
Broad
Bahamian English[citation needed] Red XN
Bajan English[citation needed] aː Green tickY
Canadian English[48] Red XN
Cameroonian English[49] a̽ Green tickY
Channel Islands English[citation needed] Red XN
English English Brummie[50]
Southern England English Cockney[citation needed] ɑː Green tickY
Estuary English (EE)[citation needed] ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː
MLE[51] ɑː
West Country[citation needed] Red XN
Northern England English[citation needed] Cumbrian
Geordie
Lancashire
Manchester
Pitmatic
Scouse
Yorkshire
Received Pronunciation (RP) Conservative[52][53] ɑ̟ː Green tickY
Contemporary (SSBE)[54] ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː
Fiji English[citation needed] Red XN
Hiberno-English[55] Ulster English Belfast
Mid-Ulster
Traditional
Ulster Scots
West & South-West Irish English æː~aː Green tickY
Dublin English Local aː
New
Standard Irish English
Indian English[56] äː
Newfoundland English[9] Red XN
New Zealand English[57][58] Cultivated ɐː~äː Green tickY
General
Broad
Palauan English[citation needed] Red XN
Scottish English[59] ä Green tickY
Solomon Islands English[citation needed] Red XN
South Africa English[60][61] Cultivated ɑ̟ː Green tickY
General ɑː
Broad ɒː~ɔː
Singapore English[62] ä
Welsh English[59] Abercraf English Red XN
Port Talbot English
Cardiff English[50]

Conditional mergers proposal

[edit]

DRESS

[edit]
Accent Realizations and sub-sets Mergers
Allophonic splits ? Away from DRESS
pen MERRy length[citation needed] DRESS MURRay-MERRy merger pin-pen merger
AmE Cajun English[citation needed] ɪ ʌr i ɛ~æ Green tickY Green tickY

KIT

[edit]
Accent Realizations and sub-sets Mergers
Towards KIT
KIT pen
AmE Cajun English[citation needed] ɪ Green tickY

NURSE example

[edit]
Accent Realizations Splits Mergers
Existing sets which make up Wells' set Phonemic splits Allophonic splits Absent from Wells' sets Present in Wells' sets Towards NURSE Away from NURSE Towards a new realization
FUR FIR FERN WORSE (fictional) BURN (fictional) FUR-HURRy split, FIR-MIRROR split, FERN-MERRy split NURSE-FORCE split (fictional) HURRy-FURRy merger NURSE-SQUAREmerger NURSE-NORTH

merger

NURSE-lettER merger[citation needed] NURSE-START merger (fictional)
AmE General American ɚ~ɝ — — Orange tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN
ScE[63] ʌɾ ɪɾ~ʌɾ ɛɾ Red XN (Green tickY) Red XN
EnE Northern England English[citation needed] broadest Geordie øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) Green tickY Red XN Green tickY
Various various Green tickY Red XN

Other projects

[edit]
Dia-

phoneme[vii]

r / ∅ ɛə(r) / eɪ.ə(r) aɪl / aɪ.əl æ æ(r) ɑː / æ ɑː(r) ɑː ɒ ɒ / ɔː ɔː ə ɪ ɪ(r) iː i eɪ ɛ ɛ(r) ʌ ʌ(r) ʊ uː juː aɪ ɔɪ oʊ aʊ ɪə(r) ɪə(r) ɛə(r) ɜː(r) ə(r) ɔː(r) ʊə(r) jʊə(r)
Wells' Lexical Set Rhoticity Mare-mayor merger Vile-vial merger TRAP BATH START PALM LOT CLOTH THOUGHT commA KIT FLEECE happY FACE DRESS STRUT FOOT GOOSE PRICE CHOICE GOAT MOUTH NEAR SQUARE NURSE lettER NORTH FORCE CURE
Extended Lexical Set TRAP MARRy KIT MIRRor MEET MEAT PANE PAIN FACE DRESS MERRy[viii] STRUT HURRy THROUGH THREW GOOSE TOE TOW GOAT NEAR NEARer FUR[ix] FIR FERN
Allophonic Contrast ham bad lad THOUGHT pause fall roses KIT bit (OS) think[x] feel free fail pen length[citation needed] DRESS celery STRUT hull gulf put? full ruler cute PRICE pride hole/dole[xi] MOUTH proud lettER donor[citation needed] tour pure
AmE AAVE Non-Rhotic ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ ɑ~ɒ a~ä~ɑ ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯ ə ɪ~iə̯ i ɪ~i eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ ɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯ ɛ~eə̯ ʌ~ɜ ʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞ ʊu̯~u (j)ʊu̯~(j)u äɪ̯ äː~äe̯~aː oɪ̯ ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ æɔ̯~æə̯ æɔ̯~æə̯ or äː~äe̯~aː iə̯~iɤ̯ ɛə̯ ɚ ə oə̯~ɔə̯~ɔo̯ juə̯~jʊə̯
Rhotic ɑɹ~ɒɹ iɹ ɛɹ ɚ ɚ oɹ juɹ~jʊɹ
Boston accent Younger ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯ æ~ɛə̯ a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) ä~a ɒ~ɑ ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ i eɪ̯ ɛ ʌ~ɐ ʊ u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ ɐɪ̯ äɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ ɐʊ̯ ɑ̟ʊ̯ ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) əː(ɹ) ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)
Older æ~ɛə̯ ä~a əː(ɹ)
Cajun English[citation needed] æ ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) ɑ a ɪ ɪ~i eː ɪ i ɛ~æ ʌ u ɑɪ̯~aː ɔɪ̯ oː aʊ̯~aː i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ əɹ ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ)

Consonant table from General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages with IPA symbols (surely the table's classifications are enough evidence for broad transcription to be useful?)

bilabial labio-

dental

inter-

dental

dental/

alveolar

post-alveolar palatal velar labio-

velar

glottal
Stop voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ k͡p ⟨kp⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ g ⟨g⟩ ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
Implosive ɓ ⟨ɓ⟩ ɗ ⟨ɗ⟩ ƴ ⟨ƴ⟩
Affricate voiceless p͡f ⟨pf⟩ t͡f ⟨tf⟩ t͡s ⟨ts⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ k͡f ⟨kf⟩
voiced b͡v ⟨bv⟩ d͡v ⟨dv⟩ d͡z ⟨dz⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ g͡v ⟨gv⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨x⟩ x͡f ⟨xf⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨zh⟩ ɣ ⟨gh⟩ ɣ͡v ⟨hv⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny⟩ ŋ ⟨ŋ⟩ ŋ͡m ⟨ŋm⟩
Lateral approximant l ⟨l⟩
voiceless fric. ɬ ⟨sl⟩
voiced fric. ɮ ⟨zl⟩
Vibrant ʙ ⟨ʙ⟩** ⱱ ⟨vb⟩ ɾ ⟨r⟩
Approximant w ⟨ẅ⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  1. ^ a b Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  2. ^ a b Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  3. ^ a b Boberg (2004)
  4. ^ a b Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
  5. ^ a b Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  6. ^ a b Wells (1982:422)
  7. ^ a b c d Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  8. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  9. ^ a b c d Wells (1982), p. 499.
  10. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  11. ^ a b Bekker (2008)
  12. ^ a b Lass (2002:111–119)
  13. ^ a b Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  14. ^ a b Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  15. ^ a b Kenyon (1950)
  16. ^ a b Wells (1982:364)
  17. ^ a b Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
  18. ^ a b Roach (2004:241–243)
  19. ^ a b "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  20. ^ a b "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
  21. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  22. ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
  23. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  24. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  25. ^ Boberg (2004)
  26. ^ Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
  27. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  28. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  29. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  30. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  31. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  32. ^ Bekker (2008)
  33. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  34. ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  35. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  36. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  37. ^ Wells (1982:364)
  38. ^ Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
  39. ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
  40. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  41. ^ "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
  42. ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
  43. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  44. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  45. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  46. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  47. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  48. ^ Boberg (2004)
  49. ^ Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
  50. ^ a b Wells (1982:387)
  51. ^ Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
  52. ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
  53. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  54. ^ "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
  55. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  56. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  57. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  58. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  59. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  60. ^ Bekker (2008)
  61. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  62. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  63. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-roman> tags or {{efn-lr}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-roman}} template or {{notelist-lr}} template (see the help page).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Citation_unneeded/sandbox&oldid=1285973441"