Zhu Shizhen
| Zhu Shizhen 朱世珍 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Tomb of Zhu Shizhen in Fengyang County, Chuzhou, Anhui | |||||||||||||
| Born | Zhu Wusi 1281 Jurong | ||||||||||||
| Died | 1344 | ||||||||||||
| Burial | Ming Imperial Mausoleum (明皇陵, in present-day Fengyang, Anhui) | ||||||||||||
| Spouse | Empress Chun | ||||||||||||
| Issue Detail | Hongwu Emperor | ||||||||||||
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| Father | Zhu Chuyi | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Yu | ||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Chinese | 朱世珍 | ||||||||||||
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| Zhu Wusi | |||||||||||||
| Chinese | 朱五四 | ||||||||||||
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Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344), born Zhu Wusi,[1] was the father of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty.[2]
Zhu Shizhen was a native of Jurong (present-day Jurong, Jiangsu). The Zhu family originally lived in Pei County, Jiangsu Province, which was also the birthplace of Liu Bang, but due to financial difficulties, they were forced to move to Jurong during the early Yuan dynasty. Zhu Shizhen's father, Zhu Chuyi, could not bear the heavy corvée labor and eventually relocated to Xuyi County in Si Prefecture (present-day Xuyi, Jiangsu). There, they were able to establish a relatively stable life, and Zhu Shizhen and his brother, Zhu Wuyi, were able to start their own families. However, after his father death, the family once again fell into poverty and had to move to Lingbi County in Hao Prefecture (present-day Lingbi, Anhui), and later to Hong County. During this time, Zhu Shizhen's there sons were born, and it was during their move to Zhongli County (present-day Fengyang, Anhui) that his fourth son, Zhu Yuanzhang, was born. The Zhu family lived a life similar to that of impoverished farmers or refugees.[3]
In 1344, the Huai River region was struck by a devastating drought. The crops withered, and then locusts descended, devouring what little greenery remained. This led to a famine, and an epidemic soon followed.[4] Zhu Shizhen, his wife, and his eldest son all perished from starvation.[5][6] Zhu Yuanzhang, however, managed to survive by seeking refuge in a local Buddhist monastery and even resorted to begging for sustenance.[7] In 1352, he joined the Red Turban Rebellion and quickly rose to a prominent position among the rebels.[8]
In 1363, Han Lin'er, the dynastic head of the Red Turbans, posthumously accorded Zhu Shizhen the titles Executor and Assistant Minister of the Three Offices (開府儀同三司), Senior Pillar of the State (上柱國), Head of Privy Councilor for Extraordinary Affairs (錄軍國重事), Right Chancellor of the Central Secretariat (中書右丞相), Grand Commandant (太尉), and Duke of Wu (吳國公). His wife, Lady Chen, was posthumously accorded the title of duchess (公夫人).[9]
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming dynasty in Nanjing and posthumously honoured Zhu Shizhen as emperor, with the temple name Renzu (仁祖)[10] and the posthumous name Emperor Chun (淳皇帝).
Family
[edit]Consorts and issue
[edit]- Empress Chun, of the Chen clan (淳皇后 陳氏; 1286–1344)[11][12]
- Zhu Chongsi (Zhu Xinglong), Prince of Nanchang (南昌王 朱重四 (朱興隆); 1307–1344), first son[1][13]
- Zhu Chongliu (Zhu Xingsheng), Prince of Xuyi (盱眙王 朱重六 (朱興盛); ?–?), second son[1][13]
- Zhu Chongqi (Zhu Xingzu), Prince of Linhuai (臨淮王 朱重七 (朱興祖); ?–?), third son[1][13]
- Zhu Chongba (Zhu Xingzong, Zhu Yuanzhang), the Hongwu Emperor (洪武帝 朱重八 (朱興宗, 朱元璋); 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), fourth son[12]
- Grand Princess Taiyuan (太原長公主), first daughter[14]
- Married Wang Qiyi (王七一)[14]
- Grand Princess of Cao (曹國長公主; 1317–1351), personal name Fonü (佛女), second daughter[14][15]
- Married Li Zhen (李貞; 1304–1379), and had issue (one son)[14]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d (in Literary Chinese) – via Wikisource.
- ^ Mote (2003), p. 542.
- ^ Danjō (1994), p. 58.
- ^ Danjō (1994), p. 63.
- ^ Mote (2003), pp. 541–542.
- ^ Mote (1988), p. 44.
- ^ Mote (2003), pp. 543–545.
- ^ Ebrey (1999), pp. 190–191.
- ^ Yanshan tang bie ji, Vol. 6.
- ^ History of Ming, Vol. 2.
- ^ Guoque, Preface 1.
- ^ a b History of Ming, Vol. 1.
- ^ a b c History of Ming, Vol. 116.
- ^ a b c d History of Ming, Vol. 121.
- ^ Gong (2018), pp. 296–301.
Sources
[edit]Pre-modern sources
[edit]- Tan, Qian (1647). Guoque 國榷 [Discussions about the state] (in Literary Chinese).
- Wang, Shizhen. Yan shan tang bie ji 弇山堂別集 [Yanshan Hall Collection] (in Literary Chinese).
- Zhang, Tingyu (1739). Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming] (in Literary Chinese).
Modern sources
[edit]- Danjō, Hiroshi (1994). 明の太祖 朱元璋 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Hakuteisha. ISBN 978-4891742256.
- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X.
- Gong, Faqin (2018). Mingguang shihua 明光史话 (in Chinese). Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787539663111.
- Mote, Frederick W (1988). "The rise of the Ming dynasty, 1330–1367". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C (eds.). The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521243327.
- Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.