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Flora

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Modern analogue of the coastal vegetation, the Daintree Rainforest.

The Campanian flora of the Kristianstad Basin thrived in a warm, humid, subtropical environment, likely a lush, forested floodplain or coastal wetland adjacent to a shallow marine embayment, similar to modern coastal wetlands and subtropical forests of northern Australia, particularly areas like the Daintree Rainforest The presence of abundant dinoflagellates and marine invertebrates in the palynological and fossil assemblages suggests that plant remains were transported from nearby terrestrial habitats into a nearshore marine setting.[1] The dominance of thermophilic angiosperms like Debeyea haldemiana, alongside cycadophytes and conifers, points to a climate with high temperatures and significant rainfall, supporting dense vegetation, while absence of mangrove-specific taxa and the presence of floodplain-associated genera indicate that the flora originated from inland forests or wetlands rather than intertidal mangroves.[1]

Late Cretaceous megaspores from the Åsen locality include Triletes, Verrutriletes, Baculitriletes, Echitriletes, and Richnospora.[2] The paleoenvironment suggests a terrestrial to marginal aquatic setting, likely a wetland or floodplain with periodic inundation, supporting lush vegetation, as indicated by megaspores, fossil flowers, and Normapolles pollen grains. Modern analogues are freshwater marshes, swamps, or lake margins where Isoetes grow in shallow, nutrient-rich waters with emergent or submerged vegetation.[2]

Local flowers have been found preserved as excepcional 3D fossils, atributted to their charcoal composition. These fossils where probably washed out into litter acummulations after local forest fires.[3] No strong evidence supports mangroves in the Campanian at Åsen. Fossil stems with mangrove-like habits lack modern mangrove adaptations and were likely freshwater or marginally marine.[4]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Gymnosperms

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Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Aachenia cf. A. sp. Köpinge Lower Campanian Ovuliferous cone scale Coniferophyta [1]
Brachyphyllum B. sp. Uncertain Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Branches with leaves Araucariaceae branches [5]
Cedroxylon C. ryedalense Ryedal Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Wood Pinaceae wood [6]
Cyparissidium C.? sp Svenstorps möla Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Cupressaceae axes [1]
Elatidopsis E. nykvistii Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Cupressaceae axes [7]
Fricia F. nathorstii Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Cupressaceae axes [5]
Geinitzia G. sp. Ryedal Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Coniferophyta [5]
Korallipteris K. sp. Köpinge Lower Campanian frond fragment Leptosporangiate fern [1]
Quasisequoia Q. florinii Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Sequoioideae axes [5][7]
Extant Sequoioideae
Q. scanica Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Sequoioideae axes [7]
Q. aasenensis Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Sequoioideae axes [7]
Q. suecica Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Sequoioideae axes [7]
Pagiophyllum P. sp. Köpinge Lower Campanian Branches with leaves Araucariaceae branches [1]
Paracryptomeria P. elegans Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Cupressaceae axes [7]
Sequoites S. holstii Ryedal Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Coniferous axes Cupressaceae wood [6]

Angiosperms

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Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Antiquocarya A. verruculosa Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Juglandinae Flowers [8]
A. nuda Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Juglandinae Flowers [8]
Actinocalyx A. bohrii Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Diapensiaceae Flower [9]
Extant Diapensiaceae
Archamamelis A. bivalvis Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Hamamelidaceae Flower [10]
Extant Hamamelidaceae
Caryanthus C. knoblochii Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Juglandinae Flowers [8]
C. deltoides Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Juglandinae Flowers [8]
Chloranthistemon C. endressii Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Androecia Chloranthaceae Androecia [11][12]
Extant Chloranthaceae
C. alatus Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Androecia Chloranthaceae Androecia [13]
Debeya D. (Dewalquea) haldemiana Ingelstorp; Tosterup Lower Campanian Leaves Eudicotyledoneae [1]
Dicotylophyllum D. friesii Köpinge Lower Campanian Leaves Incertade Sedis [1]
Dryophyllum cf. D. sp. Köpinge Lower Campanian Leaves Fagales leaves [1]
Ettingshausenia E. sp Köpinge Lower Campanian Leaves Platanofolia [1]
Icacinoxylon I. sp. 2 Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Wood Icacinaceae Wood [14]
Extant Icacinaceae
Manningia M. crassa Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Juglandinae Flowers [8]
Palmacites P. filigranus Ryedal Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Leaves Palmae leaves [6]
Platananthus P. scanicus Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Staminate inflorescences Platanaceae Inflorescences [15]
Extant Platanaceae Inflorescences
P. sp. Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Staminate inflorescences Platanaceae Inflorescences [15]
Rarytkinia R.? sp Köpinge Lower Campanian Leaves Viburnifolia [1]
Salicites S. wahlbergii Köpinge Lower Campanian Leaves Salicaceae? [1]
Extant Salicaceae
Scandianthus S. costatus Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Saxifragales Flower [16][17]
S. major Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Saxifragales Flower [16][17]
Silvianthemum S. suecicum Åsen Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian Flowers Escalloniaceae Flower [18]
Extant Escalloniaceae

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Halamski, Adam T.; Kvaček, Jiří; Vajda, Vivi (2016-01-01), Kear, B. P.; Lindgren, J.; Hurum, J. H.; Milàn, J. (eds.), "Late Cretaceous (Campanian) leaf and palynoflora from southern Skåne, Sweden", Mesozoic Biotas of Scandinavia and its Arctic Territories, vol. 434, Geological Society of London, p. 0, ISBN 978-1-86239-748-4, retrieved 2025-07-30
  2. ^ a b Koppelhus, Eva B.; Batten, David J. (1989-12-01). "Late cretaceous megaspores from southern Sweden: Morphology and paleoenvironmental significance". Palynology. 13 (1): 91–120. doi:10.1080/01916122.1989.9989357. ISSN 0191-6122.
  3. ^ Friis, E. M.; Skarby, A. (1981). "Structurally preserved angiosperm flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Sweden". Nature. 291 (5815): 484–486. doi:10.1038/291484a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  4. ^ McLoughlin, Stephen; Haig, David W.; Siversson, Mikael; Einarsson, Elisabeth (2018-06-01). "Did mangrove communities exist in the Late Cretaceous of the Kristianstad Basin, Sweden?". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 498: 99–114. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.007. ISSN 0031-0182.
  5. ^ a b c d McLoughlin, Stephen; Halamski, Adam T.; Mays, Chris; Kvacek, Jiří (2021-07-03). "Neutron tomography, fluorescence and transmitted light microscopy reveal new insect damage, fungi and plant organ associations in the Late Cretaceous floras of Sweden". GFF. 143 (2–3): 248–276. doi:10.1080/11035897.2021.1896574. ISSN 1103-5897.
  6. ^ a b c Conwentz, H. (1892). "Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer Schwedens". Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. 24: 3–99.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Srinivasan, V. (1989). "Taxodiaceous confiers from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden". Biol. Skrifter. 35: 1–57.
  8. ^ a b c d e Friis, E.M. (1983). "Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) floral structures of juglandalean affinity containing normapolles pollen". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 39 (1–2): 161–188. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(83)90015-5.
  9. ^ Friis, E. M. (1985-10-01). "Actinocalyx gen. nov., sympetalous angiosperm flowers from the upper cretaceous of southern Sweden". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 45 (3): 171–183. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(85)90001-6. ISSN 0034-6667.
  10. ^ Endress, P. K.; Friis, Else Marie (1991-03-01). "Archamamelis, hamamelidalean flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 175 (1): 101–114. doi:10.1007/BF00942149. ISSN 1615-6110.
  11. ^ Friis, E. M.; Crane, P. R.; Pedersen, K. R. (1986). "Floral evidence for Cretaceous chloranthoid angiosperms". Nature. 320 (6058): 163–164. doi:10.1038/320163a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  12. ^ Crane, Peter R.; Friis, Else Marie; Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (1989-09-01). "Reproductive structure and function in Cretaceous Chloranthaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 165 (3): 211–226. doi:10.1007/BF00936003. ISSN 1615-6110.
  13. ^ Eklund, Helena; Friis, Else Marie; Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (1997-03-01). "Chloranthaceous floral structures from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 207 (1): 13–42. doi:10.1007/BF00985207. ISSN 1615-6110.
  14. ^ Herendeen, Patrick S. (1991-11-27). "Charcoalified angiosperm wood from the Cretaceous of eastern North America and Europe". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 70 (3): 225–239. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90004-M. ISSN 0034-6667.
  15. ^ a b Friis, E. M.; Crane, P. R.; Pedersen, K. R. (1988). "Reproductive structures of Cretaceous Platanaceae" (PDF). Biologiske Skrifter Det Kongelige Danske Videnskskabernes Selskab. 31: 1–55.
  16. ^ a b Friis, E. M. (1984). "Preliminary Report of Upper Cretaceous Angiosperm Reproductive Organs From Sweden and Their Level of Organization". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 71 (2): 403. doi:10.2307/2399032. ISSN 0026-6493.
  17. ^ a b FRIIS, E. M.; SKARBY, A. (1982). "Scandianthus gen.nov., Angiosperm Flowers of Gaxifragalean Affinity from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern Sweden". Annals of Botany. 50 (5): 569–583. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086399. ISSN 1095-8290.
  18. ^ Friis, E.M. (1990). "Silvianthemum suecicum gen. et sp. nov., a new saxifragalean flower from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden". Biologiske Skrifter, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. 36: 1–35.
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