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Melanesians
	Biak people in Southwest Papua, Indonesia
Languages
	Melanesian languages, Papuan languages, Indonesian, English, English-based creoles, Rabaul Creole German, French
Religion
	Predominantly Christianity, minority traditional Melanesian religion, and Islam
Related ethnic groups
	Aboriginal Australians, Austronesian peoples, Euronesians

Rewriting and expanding article: Melanesians

Melanesians are the predominant and indigenous inhabitants of Melanesia, in an area stretching from New Guinea to the Fiji Islands.^[1] Most speak one of the many languages of the Austronesian language family (especially ones in the Oceanic branch) or one of the many unrelated families of Papuan languages. There are several creoles of the region, such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Solomon Islands Pijin, Bislama, and Papuan Malay.^[2]

Languages

Papuan

Austronesian

Creoles

History

Origins

Genetics

Cultures

Rewriting and expanding article: Papuans ???

Preventing redundancy and repetive content, Peopling of Oceania as main article for Origins/Genetics etc. ???

Papuans/Australasians genetic formation:

either a sister lineage to East Eurasians or an admixture between East Asians/Onge (c. 77%) and a deeply diverged (80kya; tentatively xOoA) lineage (c. 23%) restricted to Oceania (Supplementary information Sümer et al. 2024: Supplementary Figure 12.5).^[3] Compare: 1/6: 76% Tianyuan+24%ZlatyKun (Supplementary information Vallini et al. 2022).^[4]

^ Keesing, Roger M.; Kahn, Miriam. "Melanesian culture". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 April 2023. Melanesian culture, the beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of the ethnogeographic group of Pacific Islands known as Melanesia. From northwest to southeast, the islands form an arc that begins with New Guinea (the western half of which is called Papua and is part of Indonesia, and the eastern half of which comprises the independent country of Papua New Guinea) and continues through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, Fiji, and numerous smaller islands.
^ Dunn, Michael, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson (2004). "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History". Science. 309 (5743): 2072–2075. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.2072D. doi:10.1126/science.1114615. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E. PMID 16179483. S2CID 2963726.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Sümer, Arev P.; Rougier, Hélène; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Huang, Yilei; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Essel, Elena; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; Furtwaengler, Anja; Peyrégne, Stéphane; de Filippo, Cesare; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Pierini, Federica; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Fewlass, Helen; Zavala, Elena I. (2025-02). "Earliest modern human genomes constrain timing of Neanderthal admixture". Nature. 638 (8051): 711–717. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (2022-04-01). "Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa". Genome Biology and Evolution. 14 (4): evac045. doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 9021735. PMID 35445261.

[1] Keesing, Roger M.; Kahn, Miriam. "Melanesian culture". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 April 2023. Melanesian culture, the beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of the ethnogeographic group of Pacific Islands known as Melanesia. From northwest to southeast, the islands form an arc that begins with New Guinea (the western half of which is called Papua and is part of Indonesia, and the eastern half of which comprises the independent country of Papua New Guinea) and continues through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, Fiji, and numerous smaller islands.

[2] Dunn, Michael, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson (2004). "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History". Science. 309 (5743): 2072–2075. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.2072D. doi:10.1126/science.1114615. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E. PMID 16179483. S2CID 2963726.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Sümer, Arev P.; Rougier, Hélène; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Huang, Yilei; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Essel, Elena; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; Furtwaengler, Anja; Peyrégne, Stéphane; de Filippo, Cesare; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Pierini, Federica; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Fewlass, Helen; Zavala, Elena I. (2025-02). "Earliest modern human genomes constrain timing of Neanderthal admixture". Nature. 638 (8051): 711–717. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[4] Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (2022-04-01). "Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa". Genome Biology and Evolution. 14 (4): evac045. doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 9021735. PMID 35445261.

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