User:TrinityLeonis/sandbox

Article Evaluation

For your article review I noticed that a lot of supporting facts were missing. In the lead section, I couldn't really follow what the overall aim was. The last two sentences in the first paragraph jumped from one general aspect to a more specific aspect with no clear transition. In the Assessment section, I believe it is really important to explain who Lezak is. Maybe give a brief history of his role in clinical neuropsychology. Another thing I noticed is that the citations linked within the article lead to other Wikipedia articles. I believe this is a good example of circular referencing that Dr. Christopherson touched on in class. I found one citation link that was a Wikipedia article and it needed a lot of work done as well. (Archiea1 (talk) 16:33, 14 February 2018 (UTC))

• Scientist–practitioner model
• Q: Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you? A: Everything in the article seemed okay to me from my limited understand of the Boulder Model.
• Q: Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? A: I feel like there could be more information in the criticisms section of the article. It was very short and the criticisms were limited. It's possible that what was mentioned in the article are the only negative things people have complained about the boulder model, but I honestly doubt it.
• Q: Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? A: Again maybe the criticisms could be expanded upon more.
• Q: Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article? A: The links were not clear, a couple took me to a PDF for a book that had to be purchased in order to view. Is that appropriate? Should not a source on a free encyclopedia be free to access?
• Q: Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted? A: Everything seemed to be cited but some of the citations cost money to check which made it so that I could not check the validity of the source.
• Q: Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added? A: I did notice that the most recent article cited was from 2010. Maybe there is some more recent sources that discuss the scientist practitioner (boulder model).
• Q: Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? A: The conversations seems amiable. It seems like mostly edits are discussed and the editor is very will to change the article.
• Q: How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects? A: The article is unrated but it is part of the WikiProject Psychology.
• Q: How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class? A: The wiki article definitely goes more into the historical background of the Scientist-practitioner model than we discussed in class. In class we mainly discussed how it was used in relation to graduate schools.

Clinical neuropsychology edits

The biggest gap I would like to fill on the clinical neuropsychology page is that there is little historical information on what neuropsychology is and where it comes from. The majority of the sources I collected so far focus on the history of clinical neuropsychology and the early studies of brain and behavior relationships which led to clinical neuropsychology. One of my sources inspects the business side of clinical neuropsychology and what different forms of working in a hospital as a clinical neuropsychologist looks like. I would also like to expand on current therapies used in clinical neuropsychology but have not finished compiling information on this lats part yet. Once these focusses have been added or expanded I believe the clinical neuropsychology page will begin to come together.

Possible sources bibliography:

Assesment

Added-Assessments are used in clinical neuropsychology to find brain psychopathologies of the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional variety. Physical evidence is not always readily visible so clinical neuropsychologists must rely on assessments to tell them the extent of the damage. The cognitive strengths and weaknesses of the patient are assessed to help narrow down the possible causes of the brain pathology. A clinical neuropsychologist is expected to help educate the patient on what is happening to them so that the patient can understand how to work with their own cognitive deficits and strengths. An assessment should accomplish many goals such as; gage consequences of impairments to quality of life, compile symptoms and the change in symptoms over time, and asses cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Accumulation of the knowledge earned from the assessment is then dedicated to developing a treatment plan based on the patient's individual needs. An assessment can also help the clinical neuropsychologist gage the impact of medications and neurosurgery on a patient. Behavioral neurology and neuropsychology tools can be standardized or psychometric tests and observational data collected on the patient to help build an understanding of the patient and what is happening with them. There are essential prerequisites which must be present in a patient in order for the assessment to be effective; concentration, comprehension, and motivation and effort.

History of clinical neuropsychology:

Added-Clinical neuropsychology is a fairly new practice in comparison to other specialty fields in psychology with history going back to the 1960's. The specialty focus of clinical neuropsychology evolved slowly into a more defined whole as interest grew. Threads from neurology, clinical psychology, psychiatry, cognitive psychology, and psychometrics all have been woven together to create the intricate tapestry of clinical neuropsychology, a practice which is very much so still evolving. The history of clinical neuropsychology is long and complicated due to its ties to so many older practices. Researchers like Thomas Willis (1621-1675) who has been credited with creating neurology, John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) who theorized that cognitive processes occurred in specific parts of the brain, Paul Broca (1824-1880) and Karl Wernicke (1848-1905) who studied the human brain in relation to psychopathology, Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) who apprenticed Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) who created the psychoanalytic theory all contributed to clinical medicine which later contributed to clinical neuropsychology. The field of psychometrics contributed to clinical neuropsychology through individuals such as Francis Galton (1822-1911) who collected quantitative data on physical and sensory characteristics, Karl Pearson (1857-1936) who established the statistics which psychology now relies on, Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) who created the first psychology lab, his student Charles Spearman (1863-1945) who furthered statistics through discoveries like factor analysis, Alfred Binet (1857-1911) and his apprentice Theodore Simon (1872-1961) who together made the Binet-Simon scale of intellectual development, and Jean Piaget (1896-1980) who study child development. Studies in intelligence testing made by Lewis Terman (1877-1956) who updated the Binet-Simon scale to the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale, Henry Goddard (1866-1957) who developed different classification scales, and Robert Yerkes (1876-1956) who was in charge of the Army Alpha and Beta tests also all contributed to where clinical neuropsychology is today.

What is clinical neuropsychology?

Added-The relationship between human behavior and the brain is the focus of clinical neuropsychology as defined by Meir in 1974. There are two subdivisions of clinical neuropsychology which draw much focus; organic and environmental natures. Ralph M. Reitan, Arthur L. Benton, and A. R. Luria are all past neuropsychologists whom believed and studied the organic nature of clinical neuropsychology. On the other side, environmental nature of clinical neuropsychology did not appear until more recently and is characterized by treatments such as behavior therapy. The relationship between physical brain abnormalities and the presentation of psychopathology is not completely understood, but this is one of the questions which clinical neuropsychologists hope to answer in time. In 1861 the debate over human potentiality versus localization began. The two sides argued over how human behavior presented in the brain. Paul Broca postulated that cognitive problems could be caused by physical damage to specific parts of the brain based on a case study of his in which he found a lesion on the brain of a deceased patient who had presented the symptom of being unable to speak, that portion of the brain is now known as Broca's Area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke also made a similar observation in a case study involving a patient with a brain lesion whom was unable to comprehend speech, the part of the brain with the lesion is now deemed Wernicke's Area. Both Broca and Wernicke believed and studied the theory of localization. On the other hand equal potentiality theorists believed that brain function was not based on a single piece of the brain but rather on the brain as a whole. Marie J. P Flourens conducted animal studies in which he found that the amount of brain tissue damaged directly affected the amount that behavior ability was altered or damaged. Kurt Goldstein observed the same idea as Flourens except in veterans who had faught in World War I. In the end, despite all of the disagreement, neither theory completely explains the human brains complexity. Thomas Hughlings Jackson created a theory which was thought to be a possible solution. Jackson believed that both potentiality and localization were in part correct and that behavior was made by multiple parts of the brain working collectively to cause behaviors. Luria (1966-1973) furthered Jackson's theory.

The business side of clinical neuropsychology

Added-When considering where a clinical neuropsychologist works, hospitals are a common place for practitioners to end up. There are three main variations in which a clinical neuropsychologist may work at a hospital; as an employee, consultant, or independent practitioner. As a clinical neuropsychologist working as an employee of a hospital the individual may receive a salary, benefits, and sign a contract for employment. In the case of an employee of a hospital the hospital is in charge of legal and financial responsibilities. The second option of working as a consultant implies that the clinical neuropsychologist is part of a private practice or is a member of a physicians group. In this scenario, the clinical neuropsychologist may work in the hospital like the employee of the hospital but all financial and legal responsibilities go through the group which the clinical neuropsychologist is a part of. The third option is an independent practitioner whom works alone and may even have their office outside of the hospital or rent a room in the hospital. In the third case, the clinical neuropsychologist is completely on their own and in charge of their own financial and legal responsibilities.

What is clinical neuropsychology? More history in relation to wars.

Added-Clinical neuropsychology focuses on the brain and goes back to the beginning of the 20th century. As a clinician a clinical neuropsychologist offers their services by addressing three steps; assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. The term clinical neuropsychologist was first made by Sir William Osler on April 16th 1913. While clinical neuropsychology was not a focus until the 20th century evidence of brain and behavior treatment and studies are seen as far back as the neolithic area when trephination, a crude surgery in which a piece of the skull is removed, has been observed in skulls. As a profession, clinical neuropsychology is a subspecialty beneath clinical psychology. During World War I (1914-1918) the early term shell shock was first observed in soldiers who survived the war. This was the beginning of efforts to understand traumatic events and how they affected people. During the great depression (1929-1941) further stressors caused shell shock like symptoms to emerge. In World War II (1939-1945) the term shell shock was changed to battle fatigue and clinical neuropsychology became even more involved with attempting to solve the puzzle of people continued signs of trauma and distress. The Veterans Administration or VA was created in 1930 which increased the call for clinical neuropsychologists and by extension the need for training. The Korean War (1950-1953) and the Vietnam Conflict (1960-1973) further solidified the need for treatment by trained clinical neuropsychologists. In 1985 the term Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD was coined and the understanding that traumatic events of all kinds could cause PTSD started to evolve.

Relevance neuropsychology

Added-Clinical neuropsychology is a specialized form of clinical psychology. Strict rules are in place to maintain evidence as a focal point of treatment and research within clinical neuropsychology. The assessment and rehabilitation of neuropsychopathologies is the focus for a clinical neuropsychologist. A clinical neuropsychologist must be able to determine whether a symptom(s) may be caused by an injury to the head through interviewing a patient in order to determine what actions should be taken to best help the patient. Another part of a clinical neuropsychologists duties is to find cerebral abnormalities and possible correlations. Evidence based practice in both research and treatment is paramount to appropriate clinical neuropsychological practice.

Peer Review

This all looks great so far. You have a good amount of information that will really benefit the article. If you aren't planning to do so already, the layout of the article looks like it could use some adjustment. I'm noticing that everything from assessment to report writing is under the heading of history, which seems inappropriate. I might also place "the business side of neuropsychology" under a framework such as employment. Bwoollard (talk) 00:08, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Thank you for the feedback! I agree that the layout needs some definite reworking. I had planned on putting the business section as something separate and agree that putting it under employment makes sense. TrinityLeonis (talk) 06:06, 21 February 2018 (UTC)