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User:Tpc1999/sandbox#Substances that Biomagnify

Note: Only changes are represented in this sandbox. Reworded or changed clauses will make the edit apparent.

Lead

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*Copied information from existing article is noted, all edits should flow in same direction as existing article.*

Taylor

Reword/replace current definition of biomagnification:

*original sentence copied from original article shown here*: "Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is any concentration of a substance, such as pesticides or heavy metals, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain."

REPLACED WITH (JEB edits): "Biomagnification is the process where refers to the increase in contaminant concentration with dietary trophic transfer from prey to predator. Food web biomagnification, or trophic biomagnification, describes the consistent increase in contaminant concentration with increasing trophic status in a given ecosystem[1]. Contaminants that bioaccumulate at the base of food webs can biomagnify from primary producers to first order primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so forth as observed in along a food chain when contaminant metabolism and excretion are slow relative to contaminant ingestion and uptake rates.[2] Biomagnification is most commonly observed for lipophilic (fat-soluble) persistent organic pollutants or contaminants that associate with proteins (e.g., methylmercury).[2]

for xenophobic substances such as persistent organic pollutants or heavy metals,

Processes

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*Copied information from existing article is noted, all edits should flow in same direction as existing article.*

Reword/replace first sentence of process as well as definition of bioaccumulation with a credible source:

Biomagnification, not to be confused with bioaccumulation or bioconcentration, is observed across trophic levels. (CITE)

Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of a substance by a single organism, via ingestion or body surface absorption. [3]

Replace/add new definition of bioconcentration with a source:

Bioconcentration is the accumulation of a contaminant by an organism from the water. absorption of a substance via bodily tissue, this is observed in aquatic environments as the organism is in the water which contains the toxicant or substance. This process occurs through processes such as by passive or active transport of the tissues or adsorption.[2]

Reword/replace biodilution with a credible source:

Biodilution is the process in which, as trophic levels increase, the concentration of a substance in the organisms decreases[4]. This decrease is influenced by processes like excretion. Biodilution is considered the reverse effect of biomagnification.

Add:

The octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) describes the hydrophilicity vs lipophilicity of a contaminant and is used to predict whether a contaminant will bioaccumulate and biomagnify. A Kow value greater than 3 indicates bioaccumulation and a Kow value greater than 5 indicates biomagnification. [5]

Change: ***(JEB comment: this doesn't need to go here, should refer readers to lipophilicity article instead, which you already do)***

*sentence copied from original article* Lipid, (lipophilic) or fat soluble substances cannot be diluted, broken down, or excreted in urine, a water-based medium, and so accumulate in fatty tissues of an organism, if the organism lacks enzymes to degrade them. When eaten by another organism, fats are absorbed in the gut, carrying the substance, which then accumulates in the fats of the predator. Remove: Since at each level of the food chain there is a lot of energy loss, a predator must consume many prey, including all of their lipophilic substances. Add: Persistent organic pollutants are an example of a lipid-soluble chemical, resulting in accumulation of fatty tissues[6]. Relative concentrations of substances like these are directly tied to lipid amounts in an organism. [7]

Add to paragraph on mercury:

As a result of the possibility of high levels of methyl-mercury in commonly consumed fish, there are guidelines in place for consumption. Women who are childbearing or nursing should eat no more than two servings of seafood per week, as well as keep it a variety, not the same fish every time. [8] JEB reword: "High concentrations of methylmercury in fish as a result of biomagnification can pose a toxicity risk for consumers, including people. Toxicity risks are communicated to human consumers in consumption advisories and public health guidelines.[8]"

Change/ reword and Add to paragraph on DDT: ***(JEB) see my note below***

*Sentence copied and pasted from original article* "DDT is thought to biomagnify Add: making it one of the Remove: and biomagnification is one of the most significant reasons it was deemed harmful to the environment by the EPA and other organizations. DDT Add: like many other persistent organic pollutants is stored in the fat of animals and takes many years to break down, and as the Remove: fat Add: prey is consumed by predators, the amounts of DDT biomagnify. Remove: DDT is now a banned substance in many parts of the world." Add: As toxins or pollutants like DDT bioaccumulate and continue to biomagnify in a food web, Tertiary consumer will experience the greatest effects. One of the most well known cases of biomagnification in the environment is DDT accumulation as the culprit of declining predatory bird populations. Following the ban of DDT in the United states in 1972, populations of bald eagles has increased better than once predicted [9]


JEB: rework this section more comprehensively: "DDT biomagnification through food webs is a primary reason for its harmful effects (CITE). DDT is stored in lipids and is slowly metabolized and excreted. Tertiary consumers such as predatory birds are susceptible to DDT toxicity and DDT exposure was famously described as responsible for declining bird populations by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Following the 1972 ban of DDT in the United States, populations of bald eagles have increased better than once predicted.[9]"


Jake

Add:

Biomagnification can lead to biotransport *Wanted to Link But there is No Page* of contaminants. Biotransportation is the movement of materials by organisms. The movement is performed by biovectors (the organism). Biomagnification can occur to a certain extent in one system and then be transferred to another through highly mobile species or by trophic interactions between the two systems. This is common in insects as they often cross the riparian thresholds of aquatic systems. [10] In the recent study by Walters et al. (2020), this phenomenon is viewed in blackflies. There were three observed outcomes after biomagnification of Mercury to their trophic level; the larval blackflies were either eaten by a predatory species (continuing the biomagnification trend), excreted or transferred through metamorphosis (recycling in the same system), or moved into the riparian system through adult mobility. [10]This also commonly occurs in salmonid fish when terrestrial predators take advantage of these resources.[11]


The crossover of biomagnification and biotransport is highlighted in salmonid breeding runs. These fish are often the trophic end of magnification in their systems (as they die after spawning). They are highly mobile (marine, estuarial, and freshwater) with transfer between all of these systems. During spawning, they migrate from the oceans to spawning areas high upstream. Along this trip, they are eaten by several species or may die. When they die, the biomagnified contaminants (in this case MethylMercury) are lost to the environment and the process reinitiates. When they are picked up by other organisms, biomagnification indirectly contributes to the transference of contaminants from system to system. [12][11][13]

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Other metrics defined by Mackay et al. 2018:

  • Biomagnification Factor (BMF): Ratio of fish to diet concentrations.[14]
  • Trophic Magnification Factor (TMF): Averaged BMF over a food web of several trophic levels.[14]

A combination of These metrics and other qualitative and quantitative analyses can help in are calculated to determine biomagnification between trophic levels and across trophic levels for a given ecosystem.

Current Status

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*Copied information from existing article is noted, all edits should flow in same direction as existing article.*

Add:

Further research on the mechanisms of biomagnification is needed with new industrial practices such as (mountaintop removal mining) and environmental catastrophes such as oil spills. Other occurrences like pesticides and nutrients in agriculture and microplastics in the ocean merit study. Research in these areas is often contested by different parties involved.

Biomagnification in fish is a concern for human populations. This includes sensitive cultural populations that rely on subsistence fishing (such as in Minamata, Japan)[15] and with Native American populations (who culturally revere salmon species as a food source).[16]

Biomagnification has the potential for use in remediation of environmental pollutants. Trophic dead ends in can mark the fate for contaminants in a system. The sequestration into these species will end the trend of biomagnification in their systems. This is because nothing else will eat it (due to lack of natural predators). An example is seen with New Zealand mudsnails in the Colorado River (Grand Canyon Basin).[17] Potential for bioremediation would entail use of trophic dead ends. Phytoremdiation is a possibility as well, while use of animals may be contested. The organisms would be placed in the system, allowed to sequester pollutants, and then mechanically be taken out of the system. This would be easier than physically removing a lot of substances that lack the techniques to do so. Once taken out of the system, the materials may be stored elsewhere, recycled, or properly disposed of.

Change:

*Delete* (Makes little to no sense and reading the article not sure what they want to say): More recently, Gray[7] reached a similar substances remaining in the organisms and not being diluted to non-threatening concentrations.

Reword:

Substances that Biomagnify

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*Copied information from existing article is noted, all edits should flow in same direction as existing article.*

Add:

A log Kow value of 5 is often used to denote substances that will bioaccumulate.  Biomagnification occurs after bioaccumulation and is thus indicated with log KOW values of greater than 5. Trophic Magnification Levels (TMF’s) often require specific situational analysis (across ecosystems).[18][14]

Note: Substances that bioaccumulate do not always Biomagnify and it may depend on the type of organisms and the system in which they are found.[19]

Other Substances with Potential to Magnify:

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*Note these are either contested in current literature or show different behavior across physical systems/ biological species.

  • Organochlorines
  • Many trace metals elements have shown potential to biomagnify but whether or not they biomagnify may be species-specific or ecosystem-specific. it is highly contested in current literature (the following list is not exhaustive).[21]

Change

Reword:

There are two main groups of substances that biomagnify. Both are (It is not too clear what the two main groups are). Add: *Substances that biomagnify are commonly*

(Metals are often not degradable) because they are elements. Add: Some are biodegradable or may be handled by the biophysical system of an organism.[22]

Selenium (and other Elements) as a Representative:

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Selenium is a contaminant of many aquatic systems. Its variable action across systems can be mirrored by other substances. Action may not depend only on the substance, but also on the ecosystem it is found in. In aquatic ecosystems, biomagnification is commonplace. Selenium biomagnification is inconsistently observed among selenium-impaired ecosystems. Studies of both lentic and lotic water systems have reported that selenium biomagnification.[23][24] the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify but this is contested by other studies, showing high variability. It is has been shown that it does biomagnify in more lentic systems. In some instances, selenium is does not biomagnify biomagnifies between lower trophic levels but not between higher trophic levels.[25] increases in concentration over some increasing trophic levels but then levels out at a cap. [26] Selenium biogeochemistry is complex and its action is often site specific. This is similar with many elements, in which their ability to biomagnify is contested.

Substances that bioaccumulate do not always Biomagnify and it may depend on the type of organisms and the system in which they are found.[24]

Image Captions

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Original for Image : In this scenario, a pond has been intoxicated. As we go further into the food chain, the toxin concentration increases, causing the top consumer to eventually die of intoxication.

Edited: In this scenario, a pond has experienced a contamination event. The basal trophic level sequesters the toxin and as we increase in trophic level, the toxin concentration increases. The concentration in each successive level is greater than the previous and may cause deleterious effects to the organisms, especially at higher trophic levels. (JEB) reword this to read: "In this scenario, a pond has been contaminated. The contaminant concentration increases along the food chain, resulting in the highest concentrations in top consumers."

References

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  1. ^ Fath, Brian D. (2018-08-23). Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-64130-4.
  2. ^ a b c Newman, Michael C. Fundamentals of ecotoxicology : the science of pollution (Fourth edition ed.). Boca Raton. ISBN 978-1-4665-8229-3. OCLC 881386430. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  3. ^ Ratte, Hans Toni (1999). "Bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver compounds: A review". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 18 (1): 89–108. doi:10.1002/etc.5620180112. ISSN 1552-8618.
  4. ^ Quigg, A. (2008-01-01), Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.), "Trace Elements", Encyclopedia of Ecology, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 3564–3573, ISBN 978-0-08-045405-4, retrieved 2020-12-15
  5. ^ Gobas, Frank A (2001). "Assessing Bioaccumulation Factors of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Food-Chains" (PDF). Persistence Organic Pollutants: 145–165.
  6. ^ Berntssen, M. H. G.; Maage, A.; Lundebye, A. -K (2012-01-01), Schrenk, D. (ed.), "19 - Contamination of finfish with persistent organic pollutants and metals", Chemical Contaminants and Residues in Food, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 498–534, ISBN 978-0-85709-058-4, retrieved 2020-12-15
  7. ^ Gray, John S. (2002-09-01). "Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 45 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00323-X. ISSN 0025-326X.
  8. ^ a b "Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health: Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits | Cardiology | JAMA | JAMA Network". jamanetwork.com. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  9. ^ a b Peter B. Sharpe, David K. Garcelon (2010). "RESTORING AND MONITORING BALD EAGLES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: THE LEGACY OF DDT" (PDF). login.uconn.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-09. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 49 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ a b Walters, D. M.; Cross, W.F.; Kennedy, T.A.; Baxter, C.V.; Hall, R.O.; Rosi, E.J. (2020-05). "Food web controls on mercury fluxes and fate in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon". Science Advances. 6 (20): eaaz4880. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4880. ISSN 2375-2548. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b GENDE, SCOTT M.; EDWARDS, RICHARD T.; WILLSON, MARY F.; WIPFLI, MARK S. (2002). "Pacific Salmon in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems". BioScience. 52 (10): 917. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0917:psiaat]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
  12. ^ Ewald, Göran; Larsson, Per; Linge, Henric; Okla, Lennart; Szarzi, Nicole (1998-01-01). "Biotransport of Organic Pollutants to an Inland Alaska Lake by Migrating Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)". ARCTIC. 51 (1). doi:10.14430/arctic1043. ISSN 1923-1245.
  13. ^ Drake, Deanne C.; Naiman, Robert J.; Helfield, James M. (2002-11). "RECONSTRUCTING SALMON ABUNDANCE IN RIVERS: AN INITIAL DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL EVALUATION". Ecology. 83 (11): 2971–2977. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2971:rsaira]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0012-9658. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b c Mackay, Donald; Celsie, Alena K. D.; Powell, David E.; Parnis, J. Mark (2018-01-24). "Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification and trophic magnification: a modelling perspective". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 20 (1): 72–85. doi:10.1039/C7EM00485K. ISSN 2050-7895.
  15. ^ Kessler, Rebecca (2013-10). "The Minamata Convention on Mercury: A First Step toward Protecting Future Generations". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (10). doi:10.1289/ehp.121-a304. ISSN 0091-6765. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Van Oostdam, J.; Donaldson, S.G.; Feeley, M.; Arnold, D.; Ayotte, P.; Bondy, G.; Chan, L.; Dewaily, É.; Furgal, C.M.; Kuhnlein, H.; Loring, E. (2005-12). "Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: A review". Science of The Total Environment. 351–352: 165–246. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.034. ISSN 0048-9697. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Walters, D. M.; Cross, W.F.; Kennedy, T.A.; Baxter, C.V.; Hall, R.O.; Rosi, E.J. (2020-05). "Food web controls on mercury fluxes and fate in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon". Science Advances. 6 (20): eaaz4880. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4880. ISSN 2375-2548. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Mackay, Don; Arnot, Jon A.; Gobas, Frank A.P.C.; Powell, David E. (2013-05-17). "Mathematical relationships between metrics of chemical bioaccumulation in fish". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 32 (7): 1459–1466. doi:10.1002/etc.2205. ISSN 0730-7268.
  19. ^ Stewart, A. Robin; Luoma, Samuel N.; Schlekat, Christian E.; Doblin, Martina A.; Hieb, Kathryn A. (2004-09). "Food Web Pathway Determines How Selenium Affects Aquatic Ecosystems: A San Francisco Bay Case Study". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (17): 4519–4526. doi:10.1021/es0499647. ISSN 0013-936X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Paerl, Hans W.; Otten, Timothy G. (2013-01-13). "Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Controls". Microbial Ecology. 65 (4): 995–1010. doi:10.1007/s00248-012-0159-y. ISSN 0095-3628.
  21. ^ Barwick, M; Maher, W (2003-10). "Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary, NSW, Australia". Marine Environmental Research. 56 (4): 471–502. doi:10.1016/s0141-1136(03)00028-x. ISSN 0141-1136. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Yang, Ke; Tan, Lili; Wan, Peng; Yu, Xiaoming; Ma, Zheng (2017), "Biodegradable Metals for Orthopedic Applications", Orthopedic Biomaterials, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 275–309, ISBN 978-3-319-73663-1, retrieved 2020-11-07
  23. ^ Lemly, A.Dennis (2002-04). "Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example". Aquatic Toxicology. 57 (1–2): 39–49. doi:10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00264-8. ISSN 0166-445X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ a b Stewart, A. Robin; Luoma, Samuel N.; Schlekat, Christian E.; Doblin, Martina A.; Hieb, Kathryn A. (2004-09). "Food Web Pathway Determines How Selenium Affects Aquatic Ecosystems:  A San Francisco Bay Case Study". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (17): 4519–4526. doi:10.1021/es0499647. ISSN 0013-936X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 69 (help)
  25. ^ Presser, Theresa S; Luoma, Samuel N (2010-10). "A methodology for ecosystem-scale modeling of selenium". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 6 (4): 685–710. doi:10.1002/ieam.101. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ Luoma, Samuel N.; Presser, Theresa S. (2009-11-15). "Emerging Opportunities in Management of Selenium Contamination1". Environmental Science & Technology. 43 (22): 8483–8487. doi:10.1021/es900828h. ISSN 0013-936X.
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