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Early life and education

Ahn Chai-hong was born on December 30, 1891, in Dureung, a village in Jinwi-gun, Gyeonggi-do. Ahn was the second son of eight children born to Ahn Yun-seop of the Sunheung Ahn clan. Ahn's mother came from the Namyang Hong clan. As a child, Ahn decided he wanted to become Joseon's Sima Qian while studying Chinese. Ahn had a passion for Chinese classics and gained an interest in current events from his father's subscriptions to the Hwangseong Shinmun and Independent Shinmun. In 1907, he attended a school run by the Hwangseong Christian Youth Association in Seoul where he studied for three years. His studies focused on the social sciences and he was introduced to Korean nationalist figures like Lee Sang-gae and Namgung Eok. He also had the opportunity to meet Kim Kyu-sik and was taught by Yun Chi-ho.

Following Japan's annexation of Korea in August 1910, Ahn moved to Japan in September. While Ahn initially planned to continue his studies in the United States, Lee Sang-gae and Ahn's father convinced him to attend school in Japan. During Ahn's first year in Japan, he studied foreign languages and, in September 1911, he was admitted to Waseda University's Department of Political Science and Economics. Ahn was consumed by his studies to the point that he earned the nickname "bookworm". For himself, Ahn began to use the pen name Minse (민세; lit. People's World). In addition to Ahn's studies, he was also involved with the Joseon International Students Association (조선인유학생학우회를) and became friends with Jo So-ang, Sin Ik-hui, and Song Jin-woo; he also met and became lifelong friends with Lyuh Woon-hyung. Following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in October 1911, Ahn attempted to visit China with Jo So-ang but was unsuccessful. In the summer of 1913, Ahn spent two months in China after being smuggled in through Shanghai and traveled to major cities like Beijing and Shenyang where Ahn met with prominent Korean independence activists including Shin Chae-ho and Kim Tu-bong. In the following summer, Ahn graduated from Waseda University and moved back to Korea.

Career

Upon Ahn's return to Korea, he worked as a vice-principal for the Jungang School from May 1915 to March 1917, having obtained the position with the help of Choe Nam-seon. During his time at the Jungang School, he served as a member of the Joseon Industrial Textile Promotion Association (조선산직장려계); he also served as secretary for the education department of the Joseon Central Christian Youth Association from December 1916 to May 1917. At the urging of the Jungang School's principal, Yu Geun, Ahn became a follower of Daejonggyo. Ahn's decision was also influenced by the Korean independence activists he met during his 1913 trip to China. Ahn resigned from his position at the Jungang School in 1917 due to pressure from Japanese authorities for reportedly making subversive statements to students.

In the aftermath of the March First Movement at the recommendation of Yeon Byeong-ho, whom Ahn knew from his involvement with the Joseon Central Christian Youth Association, Ahn joined the Republic of Korea Youth Diplomatic Corps (대한민국 청년외교단) in July 1919 and served as the group's general manager. In November 1919, Japanese authorities arrested Ahn for his involvement with the group and in May 1921, they sentenced him to three years in prison. Ahn was incarcerated at the Daegu Prison and tortured to the point that he suffered permanent back injuries. After he was released in 1922, he returned to his hometown for two years to recuperate and regain his health. In April 1924, Ahn got involved with the Joseon Products Promotion Association, an organization focused on the growth of Korea's economy and promotion of local products, and served as the organization's director.

Ahn's career in journalism began in May 1924 when he joined the Shidae Ilbo as an editorialist. In September 1924, he became the editor-in-chief of The Chosun Ilbo.

-1925: served as vice-president of Chosun Journalists' Conference

-March 1926: " Ahn Jae-hong met with nationalists such as Kwon Dong-jin and Lee Jong-rin from the old faction of Cheondoism, arranged by Kang Dal-yeong, the second secretary of the Joseon Communist Party. At this meeting, they discussed the national cooperation front, which was the uncompromising unity of nationalist movement forces against forces trying to promote the autonomy movement. Ahn Jae-hong had been a nationalist who believed that cooperation with socialists was necessary for national liberation."

-Winter 1926: leads organization of New People's Association in first secret meetings at his home.

-January-February 1927: involvement in founding and establishing Singanhoe in opposition to the autonomy movement. On January 1927, he wrote editorial arguing the New People's Association should oppose compromise of right wing with Japan and served as general secretary of organization under chairman Lee Sang-jae; activities including touring the country and visiting students in Tokyo. Notes Ahn's opposition to views of compromise from others like the Dong-A Ilbo.

-1927: served as chairman of Manchurian Compatriots' Defense Alliance

-January 1928: arrested, indicted, and sentenced to prison for 4 months (2nd imprisonment) for publishing editorial by Lee Gwang-gu that criticized Japan's denial of bail

-May 1928: forced to step down as publisher of Chosun Ilbo and sentenced to 8 months in prison (3rd imprisonment) for writing editorial regarding the Jeonam Incident In May 1928, newspaper was suspended and Ahn was imprisoned for 8 months for publishing an editorial that criticized Japan's invasion of China.

-1929: becomes vice-president of Chosun Ilbo until 1931

-December 1929: arrested for role in the People's Assembly Incident as part of the Singanhoe movement in response to the Gwangju Student Movement and released with a suspended indictment.

-1930: starting in January, Ahn began serializing "“Joseon Ancient History View” in the Chosun Ilbo. He focused on ancient history because it was the part that the Japanese distorted the most in Korean history. The following June, he contacted Danjae Shin Chae-ho, who was serving time in Yeosun Prison, and arranged for him to serialize a manuscript on Korean history in the newspaper."

-1931: New People's Association disbands after communists lost initivative and called for disbandment over the objection of Ahn

-May 1931: becomes president of Chosun Ilbo

-1932: Head of propaganda and investigation department of the Manchurian Compatriots Disaster Problem Council

-March 1932: arrested for embezzling relief funds for compatriots in Manchuria and resigned from his position as president of the Chosun Ilbo while in prison; was ultimately given an 8 month sentence and was released in November

-1934: In "the 100th anniversary of Dasan Jeong Yak-yong’s death, Ahn Jae-hong and Jeong In-bo edited the “Yeoyudangjeonseo” and published it with Shinjoseonsa."

-1936: arrested for "Military Academy Student Incident" and sentenced to 2 years in prison although he was released on bail in 1937. "n 1936, he was arrested at Jongno Police Station after being caught trying to contact Kim Du-bong of the National Revolutionary Party and send two young men to a military academy in Hangzhou, China."

-1937: "After being released on bail in 1937, he lived in seclusion in his hometown and wrote “Joseon Sanggosagam”, which covered Korean history, philosophy, and culture. Unfortunately, his wife passed away at this time,." His wife died of pneumonia in 1938.

-May 1939: arrested for the Heungup Club Incident and was released after three months only to be imprisoned again when the 2-year prison sentence for the Military Academy Student Incident was confirmed He was arrested a few days before his son's wedding and imprisoned in solitary confinement at the Seodaemun Prison.

-1940: "In 1940, after serving his sentence, he devoted himself to writing at his hometown home and completed the <Encyclopedia of Unfair Philosophy>."

-1941: begins writing "Joseon Tongsa (General History)"

-December 1942: imprisoned at "Hongwon Police Station in Hamgyeongnam-do for about 100 days for the Joseon Language Society Incident, and was released in March 1943 without indictment (the ninth and final imprisonment)" In 1942, he was imprisoned for 2 years for the Joseon Language Society Incident. "In December 1942, he was arrested again in connection with the Joseon Language Society Incident and imprisoned at the Hongwon Police Station in South Hamgyong Province. The Japanese police put large shackles on his feet, which were bruised from torture, and locked him in a cell with temperatures of minus 20 degrees Celsius. They subjected him to severe corporal punishment, only removing the shackles when he went to the bathroom. During this time, he suffered from a cold wound to his colon and frostbite to his nose, which he suffered until the day he died. Lee Yun-jae and Han Jing, who were imprisoned in the same incident, eventually died in prison. He was released in March 1943 without indictment, but his health had deteriorated so much that he wrote a poem about his death." "Ahn Jae-hong confessed that he wrote a poem in prison, connecting it to the country, and “I thought deeply about leaving this as a death poem and leaving my sorrowful homeland at the right time.” It was so hard."

-During his time at the Chosun Ilbo, he was involved with the Chosun Affairs Research Society and Pacific Problem Research Society, 980 editorials and 470 commentaries were published. Focus on topics covered by Ahn's editorials. In his free time, he went hiking and wrote poems about the mountains he visited. "Until his retirement in 1932, Ahn Jae-hong literally swung his pen 'in all directions' with "amazing energy, writing an average of seven editorials and commentaries every ten days." Only about 980 editorials in the morning edition and about 470 commentaries in the evening edition have been confirmed."

-From 1937-1944, "he devoted himself to studying ancient Korean history and Joseon philosophy at Doreungsanbang (桃陵山房) in Hyangni, Pyeongtaek-gun. This was research aimed at overcoming the colonial view of history of Japanese scholars."