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UNITED STATES



SAUDI ARABIA


PAKISTAN


ITALY


IRAN

NIGER

LEBANON


GABON

Gabon is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its dense coastal population, economic hubs along the shore, and dependence on rain-fed agriculture.[2] Rising sea levels threaten to erode the coastline and contaminate freshwater sources with saltwater. The country is already experiencing more frequent and severe extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and storms, which damage infrastructure, displace communities, and disrupt food security and livelihoods.[3]

To adapt, Gabon prioritises protecting its coastal areas, as well as its fishing, agriculture, and forestry industries.[2] It is recognized as a global leader in climate action and is widely considered the most carbon-positive country in the world, due to its strong conservation efforts.[3] Its vast forests act as a net carbon sink.[4][5]

However, Gabon’s economy remains heavily dependent on oil and other natural resources, leaving it exposed to global market shifts and climate-related risks. In 2023, the country accounted for just over 0.04% of global greenhouse gas emissions (24.7 million tonnes). Gabon has pledged to stay carbon neutral beyond 2050 and, with adequate support, aims to maintain net carbon removals of 100 million tons CO₂ equivalent per year beyond that date.[6] It also seeks to expand its renewable energy sector.[7]


BRAZIL

Climate change in Brazil is causing higher temperatures and longer-lasting heatwaves, changing precipitation patterns, more intense wildfires and heightened fire risk.[8] Brazil's hydropower, agriculture and urban water supplies will be affected.[9] Brazil's rainforests, and the Amazon, are particularly at risk to climate change. At worst, large areas of the Amazon River basin could turn into savannah, with severe consequences for global climate and local livelihoods.[10] Sea levels in Brazil are predicted to rise by more than 20cm by the middle of the century.[11]

Extreme weather events like droughts, flash floods, and urban flooding are causing annual losses of around R$13 billion (US$2.6 billion), equivalent to 0.1% of the country’s 2022 GDP.[9] In 2024 Brazil revised its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), setting a goal to cut emissions by 59% to 67% compared to 2005 levels by 2035.[12][13]

GERMANY (CC IN GERMANY)

Climate change is leading to long-term impacts on agriculture in Germany, more intense heatwaves and coldwaves, flash and coastal flooding, and reduced water availability.[14]

In 2023, Germany was the 14th highest emitting nation of greenhouse gases.[15] In 2024, Germany's greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 3% compared to the previous year, totaling 656 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent. This reduction is attributed mainly to an economic downturn but also mild weather,and effective climate policies. Renewable energy sources like wind and solar contributed to approximately 55% of the country's electricity consumption in 2024.[16]

Climate change could cost Germany up to €900 billion by 2050 due to issues like extreme heat, drought, and floods. These events have already caused significant economic losses, with at least €145 billion in damages between 2000 and 2021.[17][18]

The German government has implemented strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change although, according to Climate Action Tracker, current policies are insufficient for Germany to achieve its 2030 emissions reduction target.[19]

ON TRACK - https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2024/03/20240315-germany-on-track-for-2030-climate-targets-for-the-first-time.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com

and has committed to net zero by 2045.


LATIN AMERICA

As of 2023, Latin America and the Caribbean generates 60% of its electricity from renewable energy - double the global average of 30%.[20][21] Despite this, fossil fuels still play a substantial role, especially in transportation and industry, with oil and gas constituting a notable portion. Approximately two-thirds of the region's energy mix comes from fossil fuels,[22][23] Of the region's total energy production, 43% is hydroelectric, 8% wind and 6% is solar.[24]

ADD ENERGY COMMITMENTS


An essential aspect of successful afforestation efforts lies in the careful selection of tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions. By choosing appropriate species, afforested areas can better withstand the impacts of climate change.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Earth offers enough room to plant an additional 0.9 billion ha of tree canopy cover.[25] Planting and protecting them would sequester 205 billion tons of carbon[25] which is about 20 years of current global carbon emissions.[26] This level of sequestration would represent about 25% of the atmosphere's current carbon pool.[25] Although this is true for some degraded areas, there has been debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources,[27][28] with some researchers pointing out that tree planting is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO2 capture.[27] Non-forest areas, such as grasslands and savannas, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.[29][30]

Australia, Canada, China, India, Israel, United States and Europe have afforestation programs to increase carbon dioxide removal in forests and in some cases to reduce desertification. Carbon sequestration estimates in those areas often do not include the full amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Also, afforestation can negatively affect biodiversity through increasing fragmentation and edge effects for the habitat remaining outside the planted area.


FOREST MANAGEMENT

ONE

Although this is true for some degraded areas, there has been a debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources.[31][32] Comments on recent research have pointed out that planting trees is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO2 capture.[33] Non-forest areas, such as grasslands and savannas, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.[34][35]

TWO

Opponents of afforestation argue that ecosystems without trees are not necessarily degraded, and many of them can store carbon as they are; for example, savannas and tundra store carbon underground.[36][37] Carbon sequestration estimates in these areas often do not include the total amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Afforestation can also negatively affect biodiversity by increasing fragmentation and edge effects on the habitat outside the planted area.

THREE [CITATION]? [38][39]

Afforestation - Impact on biodiversity

ASIAN HORNET

NOT GA, GEORGIA

This was followed by the first report of the species from South Carolina in November 2023, and the discovery of nests in 2024.[40][41]


BENTHOS

1. Microbenthos

Add esturine environments Benthos community composititon in subtitle environments varies according to vary temporally due to variations in temperature, currents, upwelling, pelagic productivity, rainfall, and river runoff.[42]

Threats

[edit]

Benthos are negatively impacted by fishing, pollution and litter, deep-sea mining, oil and gas activities, tourism, shipping, invasive species, climate change (and its impacts such as ocean acidification, ocean warming and changes to ocean circulation) and construction such as coastal development, undersea cables, and wind farm construction.[43]

Fishing

[44]

Deep sea-mining


Climate change


HOW ABOUT A THREATS SECTION IN BENTHOS?

FLOOD CONTROL

Terminology

[edit]

Flood management is a broad term that includes measures to control or mitigate flood waters, such as actions to prevent floods from occuring or to minimise their impacts when they do occur.[45][46]

Flood management methods can be structural or non-structural:

  • Structural flood management (i.e: flood control) is the reduction of the effects of a flood using physical solutions, such as reservoirs, levees, dredging and diversions.
  • Non-structural flood management includes land-use planning, advanced warning systems and flood insurance. Further examples are: "zoning ordinances and codes, flood forecasting, flood proofing, evacuation and channel clearing, flood fight activities, and upstream land treatment or management to control flood damages without physically restraining flood waters".[47]

There are several related terms that are closely connected or encompassed by flood management.

Flood management can include flood risk management, which focuses on measures to reduce risk, vulnerability and exposure to flood disasters and providing risk analysis through, for example, flood risk assessment.[48] In the context of natural hazards and disasters, risk management involves "plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks".[49]

Flood control, flood protection, flood defence and flood alleviation are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation".[50] Flood control methods manage water to prevent floodwaters from reaching a particular area.

Flood mitigation is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. These methods include prevention, prediction (which enables flood warnings and evacuation), proofing (e.g.: zoning regulations), physical control (nature-based solutions and physical structures like dams and flood walls) and insurance (e.g.: flood insurance policies).[51][52]

Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels during a flooding event.[53] They include evacuation plans and rescue operations.


DON'T FORGET - UPDATE EXAMPLES TO BE ABOUT CONTROL

NOT TO INCLUDE

Flood alleviation refers to methods taken to lessen the impacts of flooding on infrastructure, communities, and the environment. (REF)


https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-what-is-climate-justice/


Globally premature deaths due to fine particulate and ozone air pollution are estimated at 8.34 million deaths per year.[54]

Cumulative results

[edit]

Results Oct 2022 - April 2024 (just over 1.5 years)

  • more than 120 editors have been trained over 13 editathon events.
  • more than 450 articles have been edited to varying degrees (as a cumulative effort from both trainers (4) and trainees).
  • Cumulatively, these articles have been viewed 53.2 million times since they were first edited.
  • Of these, 20 articles have undergone completed expert review.

Edit analysis

[edit]

From a 6% sample (28 of 450 articles edited),

96% of edits stick (only 1 edit in the sample remained reverted)

Types of edits (per article) & approx %s:

36.6% adding information

16,6% removing information (of this, 40% removing misinformation)

36,6% Structural rearrangements/copy editing

10% other

Length of edits (per article) & approx %s:

21,4% add more than a paragraph

32% add less than a paragraph

28,6% 0-1 words added

10,7% remove less than a paragraph

7% remove more than a paragraph

(paragraph = 100 words)

Edit analysis

[edit]

Year 2 Results

[edit]

more than 40 editors have been trained to edit Wikipedia’s climate change articles, and 64 climate change-related articles have been improved. These articles have been viewed over 3.74 million times since they were edited.

Over 4 editathon events, 64 articles were improved. These articles have been viewed over 3.47M times since they were edited.

Spanish.

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  34. ^ Veldman, Joseph W.; Aleman, Julie C.; Alvarado, Swanni T.; Anderson, T. Michael; Archibald, Sally; Bond, William J.; Boutton, Thomas W.; Buchmann, Nina; Buisson, Elise; Canadell, Josep G.; Dechoum, Michele de Sá; Diaz-Toribio, Milton H.; Durigan, Giselda; Ewel, John J.; Fernandes, G. Wilson (2019-10-18). "Comment on "The global tree restoration potential"". Science. 366 (6463). doi:10.1126/science.aay7976. ISSN 0036-8075.
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