User:Taitesena/sandbox

Mizo chieftain geneology

Early Mizo chieftain geneology
Sihsinga Zahmuaka Zadeng Thangluaha Rivunga Palliana Rokhuma Thangur

Mizo chieftain geneology
Lalulla Laroo Vuta Savunga Lalpuilena Laliye Vunga Mungpira Pibuk Lalchukla Lalngoora Sukpilal Routhangi Thangbhoonga Runpunga Banaithangi Murchuilal Dowsangi Sailianpuia Lalrumi Sailo Lengpunga Khalkam Banruma Laljeeka Lalluaia Sailo Saizikpuii Sailo Lalkailuaia Mangchhini Sailo

Mizo chieftain geneology
Lalvunga Sangluna Lungleyena Kairuma Langsuma Lalkuma Lalpung Lalsavunga Thongbuna Mulla Ropuithang Runpung Thangbong Sukpilal Banaitangi Murchuilal

British Rule in the Lushai Hills

The Mizo tribes did have access to markets in the plains where they obtained colonial goods such as tobacco,maize and chillies. Bengali traders as early as 1871-1872 established a small marketplace in Changsil on the Tlawng river known as Bepari Bazaar (trader's market). After British consolidation of power many markets moved upriver into deeper areas of the Lushai Hills. By 1922 there was a total of 91 shops in Mizoram. They were spread out but concentrated the most in Aizawl at 62 and Sairang and Lunglei. The barter system of the chiefdom era was being replaced with a new cash economy.

The introduction of a cash economy encouraged a change in agriculture production. It transitioned from a pure subsistence cultivation system with an introduction of a cash crop system. The earliest efforts in cash crop cultivation were made in rice, potatoes and rubber. The British authorities attempted to introduce wet rice, but this didn't succeed due to the steep slope angles, loose soil structure, landslides, and water shortages.

Potatoes were referred to as sap yam (European Yam). The British authorities incentivised potato harvests by offering freedom from forced labour. The British also introduced rubber trees to the Lushai Hills by smuggling the seeds out of Brazil in 1876. The government printed instructions on the profitability of rubber harvesting which wasn't effective initially. The administration hence decided to provide rubber trees free of cost to Mizo villagers through a registry of the village writer. Owner of rubber plantations were granted exemption from forced labour until the policy was lifted in 1918. Large quantities of agricultural output was difficult to achieve according to British authorities. Expansion of crops were attempted in 1940 with chilli plantations, rear silkworms and mustard press oil. In the end Mizo labourers grew their own tea plantations for subsistence purposes.

Before the introduction of wage labour, Mizo social customs operated with voluntary labour. Mizo individuals would volunteer in supplying labour to build housing for one another and even for the missionaries. Wage labour was initially introduced partially with substitutions of other goods such as salt which was a luxury commodity in the Lushai Hills.

Mizo District

Background

The Lushai Hills District was established in 1891 to respond to Lushai raids on British plantations and labourers. British administration of the Lushai Hills oversaw the creation of Aijal as the city and future capital of the district. The period also saw the arrival of missionaries and the transformation of Mizo society from Lushai Animism to Christianity. British administrators continued to foster development of the Hills under such superintendents such as Anthony Gilchrist McCall who introduced policies to foster Mizo nationalism and a cohesive identity. This was in preparation for the potential formation of a crown colony after Indian independence to represent the Mizo and Chin populations under one administration.

The Mizo Union was formed from the members of the Young Lushai Association. The party advocated for democratic rule and an end to chieftainship. A rival party was formed, the United Mizo Freedom Party, advocating for union with Burma but failed to gather significant support, especially with the association of Chiefs in the party.

History

The Lushai Hills district ascended to India. It

List of Superintendents of the Lushai Hills District

Number	Name	Term of Office		Notes
Superintendents of the Lushai Hills District under the British Raj
1	R.B Maccabe	1887	1892	Before office he authored an early book on the Angami Naga Language. After office, he served as Inspector-General of Police and Jails in Assam.
2	A.W Davis	1892	1893	Superintendent during the debate on amalgamating the (North and South) Lushai Hills with the Chin Hills.
3	Granville Henry Loch	1893	1894	Responsible for the expansion of Aijal Fort into the foundations for Aizawl city.
4	Alexander Porteous	1894	1897
5	John Shakespear	1897	1898
6	H.W.C Cole	1899	1900
7	John Shakespear	1900	1903
8	L.O Clarke	1903	1904
9	John Shakespear	1904	1905
10	John Campbell Arbuthnott	1905	1905
11	C.H Loch	1905	1906
12	H.W.C. Cole	1906	1911
13	W.N Kennedy	1911	1912	Responded to Mautam
14	F.C. Henniker	1912	1912	Responded to Mautam
15	J. Hezlett	1912	1917	Bawi controversy (Sajal Nag Book)
16	A Palyfarr	1917	1917
17	H.A.C Colquhoun	1917	1919
18	W.L. Scott	1919	1921	Bawi census (Sajal Nag)
19	Sn. Mackenzie	1921	1922
20	W.L. Scott	1922	1923
21	SN. Mackenzie	1923	1924
22	N.E Parry	1924	1928
23	C.G.G Helme	1928	1931
24	A.G McCall	1931	1943
25	A.R.H MacDonalh	1943	1945
26	J. Dumbreck	1945	1945
27	A.I Bowman	1945	1946
28	Captain DA. Penn	1946	1947
29	L.L Peters	1947	1949
Superintendents of the Lushai Hills District of the Indian State
30	S.N Barkataki	1949	1951
31	S.C Kagti	1951	1951
32	B.W Roy	1951	191
33	S.N Barkataki	1951	1952

Sauces

https://www.academia.edu/113168935/Resistance_to_the_Colonial_rule_through_Evasion_and_Denial_of_Service_in_the_Southern_Lushai_Hills