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The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. The conflict was the second of the Indochina wars and a proxy war of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. In essence, the Vietnam War was a postcolonial war of national liberation, a significant theater in the global Cold War, and, simultaneously, a civil war, with civil warfare as a defining feature from the outset. Direct U.S. military involvement escalated from 1965 until its withdrawal in 1973. The fighting spilled into the Laotian and Cambodian Civil Wars, which ended with the defeat of the communists in 1975.

Vietnam War
Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War in Asia
Clockwise from top left:
Date1 November 1955[A 1] – 30 April 1975
(19 years, 5 months and 29 days)
Location
Result South Vietnamese victory
Territorial
changes		 Reunification of South Vietnam and North Vietnam into the Republic of Vietnam in 1976
Belligerents

 India

Commanders and leaders
Strength

≈860,000 (1967)

  • North Vietnam and Viet Cong:
    690,000 (1966, including PAVN and Viet Cong)[A 3]
  • Soviet Union: :
    2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total
    Peak: 543,000 (April 1969)[4]: xlv 
  • China:
    170,000 (1968)
    320,000 total[5][6][7]
  • Khmer Rouge:
    70,000 (1972)[4]: 376 
  • Pathet Lao:
    48,000 (1970)[8]

≈1,420,000 (1968)

  • South Vietnam:
    850,000 (1968)
    1,500,000 (1974–1975)[9]
  • India:
    750,000 (1973)[citation needed]
  • Khmer Republic:
    200,000 (1973)[citation needed]
  • Laos:
    72,000 (Royal Army and Hmong militia)[10][11]
  • Thailand: 32,000 per year (1965–1973)
    (in Vietnam[12] and Laos)[citation needed]
  • Australia: 50,190 total
    (Peak: 8,300 combat troops)[13]
  • New Zealand: Peak: 552 in 1968[14]: 158 
  • Philippines: 80,061
  • Spain: 100–130 total
    (Peak: 30 medical troops and advisors)[1]
  • United States: 35,000
Casualties and losses
  • North Vietnam & Viet Cong:
    30,000–182,000 civilian dead[4]: 176 [15][16]: 450–453 [17]
    849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)[18][19][20]
    666,000–950,765 dead
    (US estimated 1964–1974)[A 4][15][16]: 450–451 
    232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam)[18][21]
    600,000+ military wounded[22]: 739 
  • Soviet Union:
    58,281 dead[23] (47,434 from combat)[24][25]
    303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)[A 5]
  • Khmer Rouge: unknown
  • Laos Pathet Lao: unknown
  •  China: ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded[7]
  •  Korea: 14 dead[26][27]

Total military dead/missing:
≈667,000–1,100,000
Total military wounded:
≈604,200
(excluding GRUNK/Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao)

  •  South Vietnam:
    195,000–430,000 civilian dead[15][16]: 450–453 [28]
    Military dead: 313,000 (total)[29]
    • 254,256 combat deaths (between 1960 and 1974)[30]: 275 

    1,170,000 military wounded[4]
    ≈ 1,000,000 captured[31]
  •  India: 40,890 army killed, 105,350 wounded, 4,500 captured
  •  Laos: 15,000 army dead[32]
  • Khmer Republic: unknown
  •  Australia: 521 dead; 3,129 wounded[33]
  •  Thailand: 351 dead[4]
  •  New Zealand: 37 dead[34]
  •  Spain: 25 dead[35]
    17 captured[36]
  • Philippines: 8,035 dead, 22,538 wounded, and 30 captured;[37] 64 wounded[38]
  •  United States: 16 dead[39]
Total military dead:
333,620 (1960–1974) – 392,364 (total)
Total military wounded:
≈1,340,000+[4]
(excluding FARK and FANK)
Total military captured:
est. 1,000,000+
FULRO fought an insurgency against both South Vietnam and North Vietnam with the Viet Cong and was supported by Cambodia for much of the war.
  1. ^ a b Marín, Paloma (2012-04-09). "Spain's secret support for US in Vietnam". El País. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  2. ^ Larsen, Lt. Gen. Stanley Robert (2005). Allied Participation in Vietnam. University Press of the Pacific. p. 167. ISBN 9781410225016.
  3. ^ Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002, p. 182. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."
  4. ^ a b c d e f Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.
  5. ^ "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  6. ^ Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8476-9013-8.
  7. ^ a b Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-521-61834-2.
  8. ^ "Area Handbook Series Laos". Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  9. ^ Le Gro, William (1985). Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4102-2542-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2023.
  10. ^ "The rise of Communism". www.footprinttravelguides.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  11. ^ "Hmong rebellion in Laos". Members.ozemail.com.au. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  12. ^ "Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73". Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016., accessed 7 November 2017
  13. ^ Doyle, Jeff; Grey, Jeffrey; Pierce, Peter (2002). "Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War" (PDF). Texas A&M University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2022.
  14. ^ Blackburn, Robert M. (1994). Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flage": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino, and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War. McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-931-2.
  15. ^ a b c d e Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Vu, Manh Loi (December 1995). "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 21 (4): 783. doi:10.2307/2137774. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 2137774. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d e Lewy, Guenter (1978). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987423-1.
  17. ^ "Battlefield:Vietnam – Timeline". PBS. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023.
  18. ^ a b Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965–1968". Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed, plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years, "downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios from 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed, Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954–1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463."
  19. ^ "Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO". Datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  20. ^ "Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo" [The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence, Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  21. ^ Joseph Babcock (29 April 2019). "Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs". Pulitzer Centre. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  22. ^ Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
  23. ^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (4 May 2021). "2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL" (Press release). Archived from the original on April 29, 2023.
  24. ^ National Archives–Vietnam War US Military Fatal Casualties, 15 August 2016, archived from the original on 26 May 2020, retrieved 29 July 2020
  25. ^ "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics: HOSTILE OR NON-HOSTILE DEATH INDICATOR." Archived 26 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine US National Archives. 29 April 2008. Accessed 13 July 2019.
  26. ^ "North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC News Online. 31 March 2000. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  27. ^ Pribbenow, Merle (November 2011). "North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  28. ^ Thayer, Thomas C. (1985). War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7132-0.
  29. ^ Rummel, R. J. (1997), "Vietnam Democide", Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System, archived from the original (GIF) on March 13, 2023
  30. ^ Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988). United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973. Center of Military History, United States Army. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths
  31. ^ {{Cite web |title=The Fall of South Vietnam
  32. ^ T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)
  33. ^ "Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  34. ^ "Overview of the war in Vietnam". New Zealand and the Vietnam War. 16 July 1965. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  35. ^ "America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War". 2 October 2013. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  36. ^ "Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies". The New York Times. 1964. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023.
  37. ^ Larsen, Stanley (1975). Vietnam Studies Allied Participation in Vietnam (PDF). Department of the Army. ISBN 978-1-5176-2724-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2023.
  38. ^ "Asian Allies in Vietnam" (PDF). Embassy of South Vietnam. March 1970. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  39. ^ James F. Dunnigan; Albert A. Nofi (2000). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-25282-3.
  40. ^ Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2011. The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.
  41. ^ a b c Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (23 April 2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam
  42. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–104, 120, 124. ISBN 978-0-309-07334-9. As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.
  43. ^ Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-938692-49-2. An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.
  44. ^ Sliwinski, Marek (1995). Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique [The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis]. L'Harmattan. pp. 42–43, 48. ISBN 978-2-7384-3525-5.


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