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User:Short Final/Veracity of statements by Donald Trump

维基百科，自由的百科全书

美国总统唐納·川普，做出过极为大量的虚假或误导性发言。[1] 鉴于此类言论数量之众多，评论者和事实查核组织已经将他的谎言称为是在政治中前所未有的。[1][2][3]

从商生涯

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在《交易的艺术》中

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2016年总统竞选活动

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在特朗普宣布他参选总统后的六个月内， FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）将他宣布为"谎话之王"，并指出，"在FactCheck.org上线12年的历史中，我们从来没有见过能与他相比的。"[4]

特朗普助长过一系列阴谋理论，都缺乏实质证据。其中包括：2011年以来的奥巴马公民权阴谋论（英语：Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories）("birther"理论)；即巴拉克·奥巴马总统的出生地不在美国；[5][6][7] 2011年，特朗普自称他促使了白宫公开奥巴马的"长式"出生证明，并同时对其真实性提出怀疑。[8] 在2016年，他承认奥巴马是一位在夏威夷出生的自然出生公民（英语：Natural-born citizen）。[9] 接着他又错误地声称，奥巴马出生阴谋论运动是由希拉里·克林顿发起的。[9][10][11]

其它的理论则包括泰德·克鲁斯的父亲有参与暗杀约翰·肯尼迪；以及如若没有"数百万"的非法选民，他会赢得2016年大选的多数选票(在他的选举人团（英语：Electoral college）胜利以外)；[12][13]间谍门（英语：Spygate (conspiracy theory)）阴谋论[14][15][16][12][13]，指称巴拉克·奥巴马政府在特朗普的2016年总统竞选活动中安插了一个奸细，以帮助希拉里·克林顿赢得2016年总统选举。[17][18]其中后者已被广泛描述为是荒诞的。[14][19][17][20]

特朗普还提出过他的特朗普大厦窃听指控（英语：Trump Tower wiretapping allegations），虽然曾在2017年被司法部两次反驳。[21][22] 在2018年1月，特朗普声称，联邦调查局雇员彼得·斯奇扎克（Peter Strzok）（英语：Peter Strzok）和丽莎·佩奇之间的短消息无异于"叛国罪"，但《华尔街日报》评价了它们，并得出结论认为这些短消息"并没有显示出阴谋反对特朗普的证据"。[23][24]

总统任期

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特朗普的总统任期（英语：Presidency of Donald Trump）是以一系列出于他本人的谎言拉开帷幕的。在他就职典礼的第二天，他错误地指控的媒体对于他就职典礼的人群大小说了谎。 然后他夸大了人群规模，白宫新闻秘书 肖恩·斯派塞支持了他的说法。[25][26][27][28]斯派塞被指故意虚报数字后，[29][30][31] 凯利安·康威在接受美国全国广播公司的查克·托德采访时为斯派塞辩护，称他只是说出了另类事实。[32] 托德回答说"另类事实不是事实。 他们是谎言。"[33]

特朗普继续声称他取得的选举人团胜利是“压倒性的”；[34][35][36] 他在2016年未能赢得的三个州存在"严重的选举舞弊"；[37][38][39][40] 以及克林顿获得了3百万至5百万的非法选票。[41][42]

对特朗普进行事实核查

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几个主要的事实核查机构经常对特朗普进行核查，包括：

可信度

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根据一支2018年的SurveyMonkey民调，只有13%的美国人认为特朗普是诚实和可信的。[49]

一支在2018年11-12月进行的华盛顿邮报事实核查民调显示，很少的美国人相信特朗普的若干虚假言论。[50]

评论和分析

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作为总统，川普频繁地在公开演讲和发言中作出虚假陈述。[51][52][53][54] 根据《纽约时报》，特朗普"在他就任的头99天中至少有91天说出过虚假或误导性的言论"，[51] 根据《华盛顿邮报》的“事实核查”政治分析专栏，在他就职以来的263天中他总共发表过1,318条此类言论。[55] 截至特朗普就职后的第601天， 邮报的计数已经超过了5,000条虚假或误导性的发言，并且已经上升到平均8.3条每天。[56][57] 根据一项研究，虚假言论的频率增加了，同时在他的任期内，特朗普发言中涉及虚假言论的比率也水涨船高。[54]总体上，新闻机构都不愿意给这些发言贴上"谎言"的标签。[58][59][54]

另见

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参见

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Baker, Peter. Trump and the Truth: A President Tests His Own Credibility. The New York Times. March 17, 2018 [October 23, 2018]. 
  2. ^ McGranahan, Carole. An anthropology of lying: Trump and the political sociality of moral outrage. American Ethnologist（英语：American Ethnologist）. May 2017, 44 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1111/amet.12475. 
  3. ^ Dale, Daniel. Donald Trump's strategy as midterms approach: lies and fear-mongering. Toronto Star. October 22, 2018 [October 23, 2018]. 
  4. ^ The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump. FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）. December 21, 2015 [October 26, 2018]. 
  5. ^ Gass, Nick. Trump: I'm still a birther. January 12, 2012 [October 27, 2018]. 
  6. ^ Keneally, Meghan. Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About Obama. ABC News. September 18, 2015 [October 27, 2018]. 
  7. ^ Epps, Garrett. Trump's Birther Libel. February 26, 2016 [October 27, 2018]. 
  8. ^ Madison, Lucy. Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'. CBS News. April 27, 2011 [May 9, 2011]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Haberman, Maggie; Rappeport, Alan. Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It. The New York Times. September 16, 2016. 
  10. ^ Farley, Robert. Trump on Birtherism: Wrong, and Wrong. FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）. September 16, 2016 [March 30, 2018]. 
  11. ^ Greenberg, Jon; Qiu, Linda. Trump's False claim Clinton started Obama birther talk. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. September 16, 2016 [March 30, 2018]. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Evans, Greg. 8 of the biggest conspiracy theories that Trump has shared. The Independent. May 29, 2018 [June 9, 2018]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Blake, Aaron. The No. 1 reason Trump's 'spygate' conspiracy theory doesn't make sense. The Washington Post. May 23, 2018 [June 3, 2018]. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Haberman, Maggie. With 'Spygate,' Trump Shows How He Uses Conspiracy Theories to Erode Trust. The New York Times. May 28, 2018 [May 29, 2018]. 
  15. ^ Aaronson, Trevor. The FBI's use of informants is full of problems, but what happened in "Spygate" isn't one of them. The Intercept. May 31, 2018 [June 2, 2018]. 
  16. ^ Sollenberger, Roger. The Short, Sad Life of SPYGATE!: Trump's Latest Conspiracy Theory Got Debunked By Evidence in A Matter of Hours. May 29, 2018 [June 2, 2018]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Beauchamp, Zack. "Spygate," the false allegation that the FBI had a spy in the Trump campaign, explained. Vox（英语：Vox (website)）. May 25, 2018 [June 2, 2018]. 
  18. ^ Tatum, Sophie. Carter Page: I 'never found anything unusual' in conversations with FBI source. CNN. May 23, 2018 [June 2, 2018]. 
  19. ^ Bump, Philip. There is no evidence for 'Spygate' — but there is a reason Trump invented it. The Washington Post. May 23, 2018 [June 1, 2018]. 
  20. ^ Darcy, Jeff. 'Spygate' is just latest Trump lie: Darcy cartoon. May 27, 2018 [June 2, 2018]. 
  21. ^ Producer, Deirdre Walsh, CNN Senior Congressional. Justice Department: No evidence Trump Tower was wiretapped. [November 21, 2018]. 
  22. ^ Trump Admin Says There is No Evidence Obama Wiretapped Trump. lawandcrime.com. [November 21, 2018]. 
  23. ^ Boot, Max. Trump just keeps on lying — because it works. The Washington Post. June 7, 2018 [June 9, 2018]. 
  24. ^ Wilber, Del Quentin. Inside the FBI Life of Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, as Told in Their Text Messages. The Wall Street Journal. February 2, 2018 [June 9, 2018]. 
  25. ^ Qiu, Linda. Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. January 21, 2017 [March 30, 2018]. 
  26. ^ Was Donald Trump's Inauguration the Most Viewed in History?. Snopes.com. January 22, 2017 [March 30, 2018]. 
  27. ^ Robertson, Lori; Farley, Robert. The Facts on Crowd Size. FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）. January 23, 2017 [March 30, 2018]. 
  28. ^ Rein, Lisa. Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's. March 6, 2017 [March 8, 2017]. 
  29. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Rosenberg, Matthew. With False Claims, Trump Attacks Media on Turnout and Intelligence Rift. The New York Times. January 21, 2017 [March 8, 2017]. 
  30. ^ Makarechi, Kia. Trump Spokesman Sean Spicer's Lecture on Media Accuracy Is Peppered With Lies. Vanity Fair. January 2, 2014 [January 22, 2017]. 
  31. ^ Kessler, Glenn. Spicer earns Four Pinocchios for false claims on inauguration crowd size. The Washington Post. January 22, 2017 [January 22, 2017]. 
  32. ^ Jaffe, Alexandra. Kellyanne Conway: WH Spokesman Gave 'Alternative Facts' on Inauguration Crowd. NBC News. January 22, 2017 [January 22, 2017]. 
  33. ^ Blake, Aaron. Kellyanne Conway says Donald Trump's team has 'alternative facts.' Which pretty much says it all.. The Washington Post. January 22, 2017 [March 31, 2018]. 
  34. ^ Jacobson, Louis. Trump's electoral college victory not a 'massive landslide'. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. December 11, 2016 [March 30, 2018]. 
  35. ^ Farley, Robert. Trump Landslide? Nope. FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）. November 29, 2016 [March 30, 2018]. 
  36. ^ Seipel, Arnie. Trump Falsely Claims A 'Massive Landslide Victory'. NPR. December 11, 2016 [March 30, 2018]. 
  37. ^ Gorman, Sean. Pants on Fire to Trump's claim of Virginia voter fraud. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. November 29, 2016 [October 26, 2018]. 
  38. ^ Nilsen, Ella. Trump claims 'serious voter fraud' in New Hampshire. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. November 28, 2016 [October 26, 2018]. 
  39. ^ Nichols, Chris. Pants On Fire for Trump's claim about California voter fraud. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. November 28, 2016 [October 26, 2018]. 
  40. ^ Smith, Allan. States where Trump claims 'serious voter fraud' took place deny 'unfounded' allegation. Business Insider. November 28, 2016 [October 26, 2018]. 
  41. ^ Jacobson, Louis. Donald Trump's Pants on Fire claim that millions of illegal votes cost him popular vote victory. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. November 28, 2016 [March 30, 2018]. 
  42. ^ Trump Claims Without Evidence that 3 to 5 Million Voted Illegally, Vows Investigation. Snopes.com. January 25, 2017 [March 30, 2018]. 
  43. ^ Donald Trump's file. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. n.d. [February 9, 2017]. 
  44. ^ Holan, Angie Drobnic; Qiu, Linda. 2015 Lie of the Year: Donald Trump's campaign misstatements. PolitiFact（英语：PolitiFact）. December 21, 2015 [February 23, 2017]. 
  45. ^ Donald Trump archive. FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）. n.d. [February 10, 2017]. 
  46. ^ Jackson, Brooks. 100 Days of Whoppers.. FactCheck.org（英语：FactCheck.org）. April 29, 2017 [August 26, 2018]. 
  47. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Rizzo, Salvador; Kelly, Meg. President Trump has made 6,420 false or misleading claims over 649 days. The Washington Post. November 2, 2018 [November 2, 2018]. 
  48. ^ Dale, Daniel. Donald Trump: The unauthorized database of false things. November 4, 2016 [February 10, 2017]. 
  49. ^ Manchester, Julia. Poll: Just 13 percent of Americans consider Trump honest and trustworthy. May 17, 2018 [September 3, 2018]. 
  50. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Clement, Scott. Trump routinely says things that aren't true. Few Americans believe him, according to a Washington Post Fact Checker poll.. The Washington Post. December 14, 2018 [December 17, 2018]. 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Qiu, Linda. Fact-Checking President Trump Through His First 100 Days. April 29, 2017. 
  52. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee. President Trump's first 100 days: The fact check tally. May 1, 2017. 
  53. ^ Qiu, Linda. In One Rally, 12 Inaccurate Claims From Trump. June 22, 2017. 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Dale, Daniel. Trump has said 1,340,330 words as president. They're getting more dishonest, a Star study shows. Toronto Star. July 14, 2018 [July 14, 2018]. 
  55. ^ Lee, Michelle Ye Hee; Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg. President Trump has made 1,318 false or misleading claims over 263 days. The Washington Post. October 10, 2017 [November 5, 2017]. 
  56. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Rizzo, Salvador; Kelly, Meg. President Trump has made more than 5,000 false or misleading claims. The Washington Post. September 13, 2018 [October 16, 2018]. 
  57. ^ Glasser, Susan B. It's True: Trump Is Lying More, And He's Doing It On Purpose. The New Yorker. August 3, 2018. 
  58. ^ Lies? False Claims? When Trump's Statements Aren't True. The New York Times. June 25, 2018 [July 7, 2018]. 
  59. ^ Dale, Daniel. Donald Trump has spent a year lying shamelessly. It hasn't worked. Toronto Star. December 22, 2017 [July 14, 2018]. 

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