User:ScienceStudentT/Eye strain
 | This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Article Draft
[edit]Lead
[edit]Eye Strain, also medically termed as asthenopia (from astheno- 'loss of strength' and -opia 'relating to the eyes'), is a common eye condition characterized by a collection of non-specific symptoms including fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache, and occasional double vision.[1]
These symptoms tend to arise after long-term use of computers, staring at phone screens, digital devices, reading, or other activities that involve extended visual tasks.[2] Various causes contribute to eye strain, including uncorrected vision problems,[1][3][4] digital device usage,[5][6] environmental factors,[1] and underlying health conditions. When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the ciliary muscles and the extraocular muscles are strained, also contributing to the symptoms.[7] These symptoms are broadly classified into external (related to the ocular surface) and internal symptom factors (related to eye muscles).[1]
Treatment involves environmental modifications, visual aids,[7] and taking periodic breaks.[7][8] The experience of eye strain when reading in dim light has given rise to the common misconception that such an activity causes permanent eye damage.[9]
Article body
[edit]Causes
[edit]Asthenopia can result from various factors. These causes can be categorized as ocular issues,[1][3][4] digital use patterns,[5][6] evironmental factors,[1] or underlying health conditions,[3] including:[1][5][3][4][10][6]
- Uncorrected refractive errors (Astigatism, Hyperopia, Anisometropia, etc.)
- Eye movement coordination
- Accommodative and vergence stress, causing fatigue of the ciliary and extraocular muscles[11]
- Glare
- Flickering lights
- Allergy
- Close viewing distance
- dry-eye
- Fatigue
- Upward gaze
- Prolonged reading from smartphone
- Ocular inflammations
Symptoms
[edit]Eye strain's symptoms can be broken into two groups: Internal Symptom Factors (ISF) and External Symptom Factors (ESF).[1] ESFs comprise symptoms related to dry-eye such as burning and irritation, seemingly linked to the ocular surface.[1] ISFs are related to pain and ache sensations behind the eye and are linked to accomodative and vergence stress, caused by poor visual conditions.[1][10]
Symptoms of eye strain can include:[1][5][6][10]
- eye fatigue
- headache
- double or blurred vision
- dry or teary eyes
- sore, irritated or burning eyes
- photophobia
- difficulty concentrating
Therapy
[edit]Given that asthenopia is caused by different factors, treatment may involve the work environment or visual conditions.[1] One known method of relieving strain of the ocular muscles is taking periodic breaks by closing the eyes[7] and blinking frequently.[8] Often found in connection to Digital Eye Strain (DES), eye strain can be reduced by following the 20-20-20 rule, which consists of looking at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds every 20 seconds.[8]
Related Conditions
[edit]Ex: photophobia, CVS/DES, ocular neuritis, etc.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sheedy, James E.; Hayes, John; Engle, Jon (November 2003). "Is all Asthenopia the Same?:". Optometry and Vision Science. 80 (11): 732–739. doi:10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008. ISSN 1040-5488.
- ^ FT, Vaz; SP, Henriques; DS, Silva; J, Roque; AS, Lopes; M, Mota (April 2019). "Digital Asthenopia: Portuguese Group of Ergophthalmology Survey". Acta Med Port. 32 (4): 260–265. doi:10.20344/amp.10942. hdl:10400.10/2236. PMID 31067419. S2CID 148571110.
- ^ a b c d Stein, Harold A; Stein, Raymond M; Freeman, Melvin I, eds. (2013-01-01), "Chapter 7 - History taking", The Ophthalmic Assistant (Ninth Edition), London: W.B. Saunders, pp. 99–110, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-1069-0.00007-4, ISBN 978-1-4557-1069-0, retrieved 2025-04-14
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ a b c García-Muñoz, Ángel; Carbonell-Bonete, Stela; Cacho-Martínez, Pilar (2014-10-01). "Symptomatology associated with accommodative and binocular vision anomalies". Journal of Optometry. 7 (4): 178–192. doi:10.1016/j.optom.2014.06.005. ISSN 1888-4296. PMC 4213865. PMID 25323640.
- ^ a b c d Antona, Beatriz; Barrio, Ana Rosa; Gascó, Adriana; Pinar, Ana; González-Pérez, Mariano; Puell, María C. (2018-04-01). "Symptoms associated with reading from a smartphone in conditions of light and dark". Applied Ergonomics. 68: 12–17. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.10.014. ISSN 0003-6870.
- ^ a b c d Shukla, Yogesh (2020-8). "Accommodative anomalies in children". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 68 (8): 1520–1525. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1973_18. ISSN 1998-3689. PMC 7640847. PMID 32709767.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d S, Lertwisuttipaiboon; T, Pumpaibool; KJ, Neeser; N, Kasetsuwan (May 2017). "Effectiveness of a participatory eye care program in reducing eye strain among staff computer users in Thailand". Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 10: 71–80. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S134940. PMC 5436759. PMID 28546777.
- ^ a b c Kaur, Kirandeep; Gurnani, Bharat; Nayak, Swatishree; Deori, Nilutparna; Kaur, Savleen; Jethani, Jitendra; Singh, Digvijay; Agarkar, Sumita; Hussaindeen, Jameel Rizwana; Sukhija, Jaspreet; Mishra, Deepak (2022-10-01). "Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review". Ophthalmology and Therapy. 11 (5): 1655–1680. doi:10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9. ISSN 2193-6528. PMC 9434525. PMID 35809192.
- ^ Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", The British Medical Journal (now called The BMJ) 335:1288 (December 20, 2007), doi:10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25
- ^ a b c Sheedy, J. E. (2007-06-15). "The physiology of eyestrain". Journal of Modern Optics. 54 (9): 1333–1341. doi:10.1080/09500340600855460. ISSN 0950-0340.
- ^ Lertwisuttipaiboon, Sudaw; Pumpaibool, Tepanata; Neeser, Karl J.; Kasetsuwan, Ngamjit (2017-05-11). "Effectiveness of a participatory eye care program in reducing eye strain among staff computer users in Thailand". Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 10: 71–80. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S134940. PMC 5436759. PMID 28546777.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)