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Contra War
Part of the Nicaraguan Revolution and the Central American Crisis
'Frente Sur' Contras in Nueva Guinea ARDE Contra unit
Location Nicaragua Result Sandinista victory

Contra War

Copy from

• Contra War - Revision (Wikipedia)
• ru: Гражданская_война_в_Никарагуа "Contra War" different name in Russian
• ru: Потери авиации в войне с «контрас» "Aviation losses in the Contra War"

The Contra War was an armed conflict in Nicaragua that took place from 1981 to 1990 between the socialist government led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and various anti‑Sandinista rebel forces collectively known as the Contras.

The war took place within the broader context of the Cold War, drawing significant involvement from the United States, which provided financial, logistical, and covert military support to Contra factions. The conflict resulted in substantial military and civilian casualties, widespread displacement, and economic disruption, and concluded after negotiated peace agreements and national elections in 1990 that brought an opposition government to power.

Background

The 'Central America and the Caribbean' region is a label initially created by the United States. This region was of particular interest to the U.S. during the 20th century and the Cold War, primarily due to its instability and proximity to the U.S.

The causes of regional instability in Central America and the Caribbean are hard to ascertain, one proposed reason is that the two regions are split into many different countries; the Caribbean for its islands (the Antilles), and Central America for historical and political reasons that date from when it was a Spanish colony.

The Spanish colonial governments divided regions into captaincy generals and provinces, rather than separate states within one republic. This led to different regions developing identities as separate nations during the 16th-18th centuries. The various countries in South America were formed for similar reasons.

Other parts of Latin America were either already relatively stable, (such as Peru and Ecuador), or simply not of interest to the U.S. at the time (such as Mexico).

Conflict

Peace process

The Esquipulas Peace Agreement peace agreement was signed by both parties in Esquipulas, Guatemala. The agreement stipulated the demobilization of the Contras, ending the war.

United States involvement

U.S. president Ronald Reagan took interest in the war from the very start, since his administration took office in 1981. Reagan was afraid that Nicaragua would turn into a "second Cuba", which by then was already under a communist government led by Fidel Castro for 16 years.

Refugees and emigration

The agrarian reforms and nationalization of land by the Sandinista government led many plantation owners and farmers to leave the country. The most common countries for emigration were Costa Rica and the United States. The first wave of about 120,000 Nicaraguans entering the U.S. happened in the 1980s during the Sandinista government. Many of these people were middle-class or wealthy before the revolution. The second wave occured in early 1989, after Hurricane Joan caused upheaval in the country.

Indigenous peoples in Nicaragua

Indigenous peoples in Nicaragua

Nicaragüenses nativos
Indigenous settlement in Rama Cay, South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region
Total population
443,847 8.6% of the population (2005)
Languages
Spanish, Miskito, Sumo, Rama, Garífuna
Religion
Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Indigenous Mexicans, Indigenous Hondurans, Indigenous Costa Ricans, Indigenous Colombians

The area comprising modern-day Nicaragua has long been inhabited by various Indigenous groups.

The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was inhabited by groups like the Nicarao before the Spanish arrived. The areas further inland such as in Matagalpa Department were inhabited by other groups like the Cacaopera, and the areas in the east are inhabited by the Miskito people.

There are an estimated 450,000 Indigenous people living in Nicaragua today. The true number however is unknown, as the country does not collect ethnicity data in the census.

Regions

Pacific

The Gran Nicoya region, which consists of the Pacific coast and the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica, is where the Nahua and Manguean groups lived.

This region (including El Salvador) is considered to be a part of Mesoamerica because some groups within it spoke a Nahua language, as well as the fact that they shared other cultural traits with Mesoamerica that were not equally shared by other groups in Central America.

One of these traits is agriculture (cultivation of maize).

They are sometimes categorized as being in a distinct Central American region.

They are geographically separated from the groups in Honduras by the Rio Coco and the groups in Costa Rica by the Rio San Juan. This led to Costa Rican groups developing differnet cultures and speaking Chibchan languages over time.

Groups

Nicarao people

The Nahua-speaking Nicarao in the south (Rivas) and the Oto-Manguean speaking groups in the north had a long-standing enmity with each other.

Cacaopera people

The Cacaopera people are primarily located in the Matagalpa Department. This group spoke a Misumalpan language which is now extinct. The language is unrelated to the other languages spoken in Nicaragua, coming from a different language family.

It has been suggested that the Cacaopera lost their language due to suffering heavy casualties in the first century of Spanish rule. They are still the primary group in Matagalpa today.

History

Spanish conquest

Main article: Spanish conquest of Nicaragua

The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua killed hundreds of thousands of Indigenous people in Nicaragua through violence and disease. Estimated vary from 300,000 to over 2 million people killed during the 16th century.

Translations

Span to eng

• • Revolución Liberal de 1871 - Liberal Revolution of 1871 (Guatemala)

Eng to span

• • 3-Methylmethcathinone

Spanish conquest of Venezuela

Conquista de Venezuela (eswiki)

The Spanish conquest of Venezuela officially started in 1498 when Columbus reached the northern coast of Venezuela from the Atlantic Ocean.

WikiProjects: same as Talk:Spanish conquest of Nicaragua

See also:

• Spanish conquest of Colombia
• Spanish conquest of Peru
• Spanish conquest of Ecuador
• Spanish conquest of Bolivia
• Spanish conquest of Argentina
• Spanish conquest of Paraguay

Western Highlands (Guatemala)

Western Highlands
Using Template:Infobox
Location	Guatemala
Languages	Spanish, Mam
Departments	Quetzaltenango, Huehuetenango, Quiché, San Marcos, Totonicapán
Cities	Quetzaltenango, Huehuetenango, Chichicastenango, Momostenango

The Western Highlands are a region in Guatemala. It borders the state of Chiapas in Mexico. The region is almost identical to the Region VII or the northwest political region in Guatemala.

It was less historically relevant to the Maya civilization than areas to the north in the Yucatán and Petén, but after the Maya collapse ir rose in relevance, and today is majority Maya.

• 
  Western and Central highlands are heavily Maya
• 
  Economic regions of Guatemala

Barberena

es: Barberena

El 11(?) de octubre de 2024, 3 personas fueron victimadas en Barberena.[ref]. El video de la cámara de seguridad muestra a 2 hombres y mujeres jóvenes bebiendo y platicando casualmente, cuando 2 asaltantes entran al bar y comienzan disparándoles. Una persona sobrevivió escondiéndose debajo de un taburete, los demás no sobrevivieron. Se dice que una mujer era conocido como «La Diabla» en línea.

Después, se informó que las víctimas estaban descansando en el bar mientras su viaje hacia vecino El Salvador. El crimen ocurrió alrededor de las 4 PM.

La mayor violencia en Santa Rosa como este crimen, puede ser debido a su proximidad a El Salvador.[ref]

Alta Verapaz

Alta Verapaz is heavily indigenous and primarily populated by the Qʼeqchiʼ Mayan people. The 2018 census recorded 93% of the department's population as belonging to an indigenous group and 80% as belonging to the Qʼeqchiʼ Maya.

Intendacy of Valladolid

Intendancy of Valladolid Intendencia de Valladolid de Michoacán
Intendancy of New Spain
1786–1821
Capital	Morelia
Population
• 19th c.	900,000
Historical era	Spanish colonial period
• Bourbon Reforms	1786
• Independence of Mexico	16 September 1821
Preceded by Succeeded by Province of Michoacán Michoacán Colima
Today part of	Mexico

Dictators

Collages

1. Use photomontage template

2. Zoom to 200% on wikipedia and snip

3. Pick photos close on aspect ratio

Use black brush on snipping tool to get rid of white

image frame

• Querétaro
• 
  Querétaro City, the capital
• 
  San Juan del Río, the second largest

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CategoryTree

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