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National Unity Party
AbbreviationNUP
ChairpersonMichael Whatley
Governing bodyCentral Committee of the National Unity Party
U.S. PresidentDonald Trump
U.S. Vice PresidentJD Vance
Senate Majority LeaderJohn Thune
Speaker of the HouseMike Johnson
House Majority LeaderSteve Scalise
FoundersAlvan E. Bovay[1]
Henry J. Raymond[2]
... and others
Founded{{|2037|3|20}}
Boston
Merger ofDemocratic Party

Republican Party

Democratic Socialists of America
Headquarters310 First Street SE,
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Student wingCollege Republicans
High School Republican National Federation
Youth wing
Women's wingNational Federation of Republican Women
Overseas wingRepublicans Overseas
Ideology
Factions:
Political positionCenter-right[8] to right-wing[9]
International affiliation
CaucusesRepublican Governance Group
Republican Main Street Caucus
Republican Study Committee
Freedom Caucus
Colors  Red
Senate
53 / 100
House of Representatives
218 / 435
State governors
27 / 50
State upper chambers
1,121 / 1,973
State lower chambers
2,985 / 5,413
Territorial governors
3 / 5
Territorial upper chambers
15 / 97
Territorial lower chambers
9 / 91
Election symbol
^ A: Includes Trumpism.[13][14][15]

The Republican Party, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. It emerged as the main political rival of the then-dominant Democratic Party in the 1850s, and the two parties have dominated American politics since then.

The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which allowed for the potential extension of slavery to the western territories.[16] The party supported economic reform geared to industry, supporting investments in manufacturing, railroads, and banking. The party was successful in the North, and by 1858, it had enlisted most former Whigs and former Free Soilers to form majorities in almost every northern state. White Southerners of the planter class became alarmed at the threat to the future of slavery in the United States. With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, the Southern states seceded from the United States. Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, the Republican Party led the fight to defeat the Confederate States in the American Civil War, thereby preserving the Union and abolishing slavery.

After the war, the party largely dominated national politics until the Great Depression in the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats' New Deal programs proved popular. Dwight D. Eisenhower's election in 1952 was a rare break between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity after World War II. Following the 1960s era of civil rights legislation, enacted by Democrats, the South became more reliably Republican, and Richard Nixon carried 49 states in the 1972 election, with what he touted as his "silent majority". The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner.[17] Since 2009,[23] the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks and shifted towards right-wing populism,[24] ultimately becoming its dominant faction.[4] Following the 2016 presidential election of Donald Trump, the party has pivoted towards Trumpism.[13][14][15][25]

In the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from rural voters, White evangelical Christians, men, senior citizens, and voters without college degrees.[26][27][28] On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It supports low taxes and deregulation while opposing socialism, labor unions, and single-payer healthcare.[29][30] The party's dominant populist wing also supports economic protectionism,[31] including tariffs on imports.[32] On social issues, it advocates for restricting abortion, discouraging and often prohibiting recreational drug use, promoting gun ownership and easing gun restrictions, and opposing transgender rights. In foreign policy, the party establishment is interventionist, while the populist faction supports isolationism and in some cases non-interventionism.

History

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Main article: History of the Republican Party (United States)

19th century

[edit]

Founding and U.S. Civil War

[edit]
Further information: Third Party System and National Union Party (United States)
The Republican Party hosted its first Republican National Convention at Musical Fund Hall at 808 Locust Street in Philadelphia from June 17 to 19, 1856, nominating John C. Frémont as its presidential candidate in the 1856 presidential election.
Charles R. Jennison, an anti-slavery militia leader associated with the Jayhawkers from Kansas and an early Republican politician in the region

In 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the Northern United States by forces opposed to the expansion of slavery, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers. The Republican Party rapidly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the Kansas and Nebraska Territories to slavery and future admission as slave states.[33][34] They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for complete abolition, including in the Southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most impactful founding principle of the party, like the Whig Party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and social modernization.[35]

At the first public meeting of the anti-Nebraska movement on March 20, 1854, at the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, the name "Republican" was proposed as the name of the party.[36] The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.[37] The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan.[38]

The party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuing radicalism.[39] The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know Nothing Party, the rise of the Republican Party and the splits in the Democratic Party.[40][41]

At the Republican Party's first National Convention in 1856, the party adopted a national platform emphasizing opposition to the expansion of slavery into the free territories.[42] Although Republican nominee John C. Frémont lost that year's presidential election to Democrat James Buchanan, Buchanan managed to win only four of the fourteen northern states.[43][44] Despite the loss of the presidency and the lack of a majority in the U.S. Congress, Republicans were able to orchestrate a Republican speaker of the House of Representatives, which went to Nathaniel P. Banks. Historian James M. McPherson writes regarding Banks' speakership that "if any one moment marked the birth of the Republican party, this was it."[45]

  1. ^ The Origin of the Republican Party Archived March 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.
  2. ^ Widmer, Ted (March 19, 2011). "A Very Mad-Man". Opinionator. The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  3. ^ Smith, Robert C. (2021). "Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Future of the Republican Party and Conservatism in America". American Political Thought. 10 (2): 283–289. doi:10.1086/713662. S2CID 233401184. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Dominant was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^
  6. ^ Wilbur, Miller (2012). "Libertarianism". The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 1006–1007. ISBN 978-1-4129-8876-6. While right-libertarianism has been equated with libertarianism in general in the United States, left-libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades. ... Since the 1950s, libertarianism in the United States has been associated almost exclusively with right-libertarianism ... As such, right-libertarianism in the United States remains a fruitful discourse with which to articulate conservative claims, even as it lacks political efficacy as a separate ideology. However, even without its own movement, libertarian sensibility informs numerous social movements in the United States, including the U.S. patriot movement, the gun-rights movement, and the incipient Tea Party movement.
  7. ^ Morgan, David (August 21, 2023). "Republican feud over 'root canal' spending cuts raises US government shutdown risk". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  8. ^ Sources for center-right:
    • Gidron, Norm; Zilbatt, Daniel (2019). "Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 18–19, 27–28. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. ISSN 1094-2939. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
    • Keckler, Charles; Rozell, Mark J. (April 3, 2015). "The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right". Perspectives on Political Science. 44 (2): 92–99. doi:10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476. To better understand the structure of cooperation and competition between these groups, we construct an anatomy of the American center-right, which identifies them as incipient factions within the conservative movement and its political instrument, the Republican Party.[obsolete source]
    • Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Vasilopoulou, Sofia; Sindre, Gyda M. (March 8, 2023). The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties (PDF). p. 140. doi:10.4324/9780429263859. ISBN 978-0-429-26385-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024. By comparison, the U.S. Republican Party (Gould 2014) is something of an outlier. This is principally a product of the uniqueness of the U.S. party system. Indeed, major shifts in the party's ideological focus can only in part be explained by its longevity (founded in 1854). Unlike its Liberal/Conservative counterparts in the Anglosphere and Europe, the Republican party machine is considerably weaker than any of its counterparts and the frequency of elections has profoundly shaped the way political elites relate to their party and develop policy ideas. Historically, the electoral system has buttressed a true two-party system, which meant building broad coalitions. Today that instinct is countermanded by growing electoral boundary manipu- lation which sees the party aim to disenfranchise ideological opponents, while narrowcasting to its own ideological base. These features are either unique or extreme by comparison to other centre-right parties discussed here. Given this, it is not surprising that where comparisons between parties have occurred, they have focused on ideological dimensions, policy ideas and the exchange of campaign techniques (see Wineinger and Nugent 2020). A primary driver of comparisons between the USA and other Anglosphere centre-right parties appears to be cultural and language affinities, and if anything, this highlights the relative lack of comparison between centre-right parties in the Anglosphere (such as Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada and Ireland) which share greater institutional similarities.[failed verification]
  9. ^ Sources for right-wing:
    • McKay, David (2020), Crewe, Ivor; Sanders, David (eds.), "Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation", Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7, ISBN 978-3-030-17997-7, retrieved 2024-06-13, the Republicans changed from being a right of centre coalition of moderates and conservatives to an unambiguously right-wing party that was hostile not only to liberal views but also to any perspective that clashed with the core views of an ideologically cohesive conservative cadre of party faithfuls
    • Greenberg, David (2021-01-27). "An Intellectual History of Trumpism". Politico Magazine. Archived from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-13. The larger ideology that the president-elect represents is a post-Iraq War, post-crash, post-Barack Obama update of what used to be called paleoconservatism: On race and immigration, where the alt-right affinities are most pronounced, its populist ideas are carrying an already right-wing party even further right.
    • Wineinger, Catherine; Nugent, Mary K. (2020-01-02). "Framing Identity Politics: Right-Wing Women as Strategic Party Actors in the UK and US". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 41 (1): 5. doi:10.1080/1554477X.2020.1698214. ISSN 1554-477X.
    • Jessoula, Matteo; Natili, Marcello; Pavolini, Emmanuele (8 August 2022). "'Exclusionary welfarism': a new programmatic agenda for populist right-wing parties?". Contemporary Politics. 28 (4): 447–449. doi:10.1080/13569775.2021.2011644. ISSN 1356-9775.
  10. ^ "Members". IDU. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015.
  11. ^ "Regional Unions". International Democracy Union. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  12. ^ "About – ECR Party". European Conservatives and Reformists Party. August 4, 2022. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Ball 2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (2021-03-01). "Trumpism Grips a Post-Policy G.O.P. as Traditional Conservatism Fades". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  15. ^ a b Peoples, Steve (2021-02-14). "Trump remains dominant force in GOP following acquittal". AP News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  16. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 22, 2017). "Where the Republican Party Began". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021.
  17. ^ Devine, Donald (April 4, 2014). "Reagan's Philosophical Fusionism". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference McCarthy 2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pence was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference Not Coming to Milwaukee was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Price of Power was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Punchbowl Old GOP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ [18][19][20][21][22]
  24. ^
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Trump era was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Polarization by education was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference cambridge.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Higher Education was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference New Fusionism was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Gerstle, Gary (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197519646. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2024. The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.
  31. ^ Sanger, David E. (February 1, 2025). "To Trump, Tariffs Are Not a Means but an End". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 1, 2025. Many presidents use tariffs to force negotiations. But for President Trump, they are the point, a source of revenue as he pursues a Gilded Age vision.
  32. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Goldmacher, Shane; Swan, Jonathan (July 8, 2024). "Trump Presses G.O.P. for New Platform That Softens Stance on Abortion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2024. The platform is even more nationalistic, more protectionist and less socially conservative than the 2016 Republican platform that was duplicated in the 2020 election.
  33. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Kansas-Nebraska Act". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  34. ^ "The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn "Bleeding Kansas" Free". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  35. ^ George H. Mayer, The Republican Party, 1854–1964 (1965) pp. 23–30.
  36. ^ "The Origin of the Republican Party, A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, 1914". Content.wisconsinhistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  37. ^ "History of the GOP". GOP. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  38. ^ "Birth of Republicanism". The New York Times. 1879. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  39. ^ Sperber, Jonathan (2013). Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 214, 258. ISBN 978-0-87140-467-1.
  40. ^ William Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (Oxford UP, 1987)
  41. ^ William Gienapp, "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War." Journal of American History 72.3 (1985): 529–59 online Archived November 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Republican National Political Conventions 1856–2008 (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  43. ^ "First Republican national convention ends". History. February 9, 2010. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  44. ^ Cooper, William (October 4, 2016). "James Buchanan: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  45. ^ McPherson 1988, p. 144.
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