User:Phlsph7/Ethics - Basic concepts

Basic concepts

Ethics relies on several basic concepts. It is concerned with normative statements about what ought to be the case, in contrast to descriptive statements, which are about what is the case. Duties and obligations express requirements of what people ought to do. Duties are sometimes defined as counterparts of the rights that always accompany them. According to this view, one person has a duty to benefit someone if this other person has the right to receive that benefit. Obligation and permission are contrasting terms that can be defined through each other: to be obligated to do something means that one is not permitted not to do it and to be permitted to do something means that one is not obligated not to do it. Some theorists define obligations in terms of values, such as the good. When used in a general sense, good contrasts with bad. In relation to people and their intentions, the term evil rather than bad is often employed.

Obligations are used to assess the moral status of actions, motives, and character traits. An action is morally right if it is in tune with the obligations and morally wrong if it violates the obligations. Supererogation is a special moral status that applies to cases in which the agent does more than is morally required of them. To be morally responsible for an action usually means that the person possessed and exercised certain capacities or some form of control. People who are morally responsible deserve evaluative attitudes from others, such as praise or blame.

References

• Belzer, Marvin. "Deontic logic". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
• Lloyd, Andrew; Hansen, John (23 January 2003). "Philosophical Foundations of Professional Ethics". In O'Donohue, William; Ferguson, Kyle E. (eds.). Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists: Issues, Questions, and Controversies. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-1189-0.
• Calder, Todd (2022). "The Concept of Evil". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
• Heyd, David (2019). "Supererogation". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
• Pick, Thomas (March 2004). "Moral Obligation". Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement. 54. doi:10.1017/S1358246100008493.
• Williams, Garrath. "Praise and Blame". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
• Talbert, Matthew (2019). "Moral Responsibility". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
• McNamara, Paul; Van De Putte, Frederik (2022). "Deontic Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
• O'Neill, Onora (18 October 2013). "Duty and Obligation". In Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35096-3.
• Corbin, Arthur L. (March 1924). "Rights and Duties". The Yale Law Journal. 33 (5). doi:10.2307/788021.
• Feibleman, James K. (1967). "Rights and Duties". Moral Strategy: An Introduction to the Ethics of Confrontation. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-011-9321-4.
• Stoljar, Samuel (1984). "Rights and Duties". An Analysis of Rights. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-17607-6.