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History of Hampton Court Palace
[edit]Hampton Court Place is a former royal palace located on the north bank of the River Thames near Hampton in Greater London, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, and the historic county of Middlesex.[a]
The palace sits on the site of a former Manor House and chapel owned by the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, who leased
The Manor of Hampton Court
[edit]The Knights Hospitaller
[edit]The name Hampton Court[b] originally referred to the manor house and chapel maintained on the site of the palace by the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (known as the Knights Hospitaller)[c]. Established in Hampton since the 12th century, the Order developed their manor house at Hampton Court into one of their largest and best-appointed in England. The manor was frequently used by the court of Edward III as alternative accommodation to Sheen Palace (the royal palace on the Thames at Richmond),[d] a waystation for visitors en route upriver to the royal manor at Byfleet (constructed by Edward II in the early 14th century), and a guest house for royal pensioners.[2]
After the manor at Byfleet was dismantled in 1414 by Henry V, the importance of Hampton Court as a royal venue diminished. The Knights Hospitallers leased the property for a time,[e] before retaining it as a country estate for the prior of the Order, James Kendall. In 1494 Kendall leased the property to Giles Daubeney, a fellow member of the Privy Council. A favourite of Henry VII,[f] Daubeney sought to establish a seat near London and the new palace constructed by Henry downriver at Richmond.[5]
Giles Daubeney
[edit]Daubeney signed an 80-year lease for Hampton Court in 1494, and was made Lord Chamberlain the following year.
[T 5, 7-9; R 20-21, THOP 150]
Daubeney spent a considerable amount between 1495 and 1500 expanding the manor. Hosted royalty from 1500 onwards. Built facing the river, with the entrance to a grand courtyard on the south front, a great hall and kitchens which survive. Daubeney established a 'brick-built, moated courtyard house (compare Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk; Elsynge at Enfield plus others).[6]
expanded into a 'substantial mansion'[7]
Henry VII favoured Westminster, Sheen, Greenwich and Windsor, in that order. [8]
Elizabeth of York travelled to Hampton Court in December 1502 - pregnant with Katherine. T17 56-7 citing Okerlund A N, Elizabeth of York (Basingstoke, 2009) and Ford. Before she retired to the Tower to give birth and die of postpartum infection.
[ ]
Cardinal Wolsey
[edit]1522-1539
Transfer to Henry VIII household 1509
1510 built mansion at Bridewell
1514 appointed Archbishop of York which came with York Place, Westminster and Brigge Court, Battersea.
Note HCP was personally owned by Wolsey and his private residence - T16
construction office based at Bridge Court, Battersea to oversee work at Hampton Court and York Place - T16
'The Swap' T30
The Tudor Palace
[edit]Henry VIII
[edit]Birth and christening of Edward VI.[9]
Conclusion of works.[10]
Work abruptly came to an end 1538. Artisans transferred to Nonsuch. ... except working to finish lodgings for Catherine Parr ~17 December 1542.[11]
Edward and Mary
[edit]Elizabeth
[edit]Elizabeth moved court at regular intervals due to the stench that would eventually develop over time from the presence of the hundreds of people etc. [12]
Elizabeth's final visit was 1599, three years before her death, recorded by Lord Semphill, Scottish Ambassador '[The Queen's visit to Hampton Court whence she went to Nonsuch. The day being passing foul, she would go on horseback although she is scarce able to sit upright.'[13]
The early Stuarts
[edit]James I
[edit]Charles I
[edit]Charles sent to Hampton Court from 24 August 1647. Free movement around the house and parks plus attendants. Children visited several times a week. Royalist supporters came to visit. TPOR 236
Charles I's escape from Hampton Court Palace
[edit]11 November 1647
Prompted by a letter
Russell ch 14 205-
Fraser 221-2
TPOR 237
The Palace during the Protectorate
[edit]Council of State sought to recoup the cost of the war by selling royal properties palace and residences. TPOR 253-256
HCP retained along with Whitehall, St James, Greenwich, Theobalds, Windsor and Denmark House (Somerset House) TPOR 255
16 December 1653 Oliver Cromwell took the oath of office (beginning of the Protectorate) and HCP + others put at his disposal. TPOR 257
Crowell spent weekends at HCP moving family court and officials on Friday and returning to Whitehall on Monday in a heavily guarded barge or coach. TPOR 257
1659 inventory details Cromwell's life at HCP. TPOR 262
Cromwell took the Queens rooms
Fraser (1973) makes an analogy to the use of Chequers by modern Prime Ministers. Used it as a weekend retreat before the weekend had been invented. (F 460)
Betty given three rooms as nurseries for her children Cromwell, Henry and Martha. F 662
Cromwell liked to undertake hawking and hunting with bloodhounds. Properties that had been sold were bought back. Tapestries were installed in the bedrooms of Cromwell, Lady Frances, and in the Long Gallery. F 460, TPOR 262-63
Household established and £16,000 a year budgeted for expenses, plus guards and security. F 461
Ambassdors (who had returned to London) became annoyed that O's preference for weekends at HCP meant they spent their weekends trapped in London. It was only Dutch ambassador Nieupoort and Swedish ambassador Bonde who were allowed to visit HCP (Bond played bowls, killed a stag in the park, and listened to music). F 545; TPOR 263-264
September 1655 son of the governor who preached Cromwell was ruling with tyranny and die in infamy was imprisoned. TPOR 260
Summer 1657 Cromwell illness. Visited HCP in August 1657 to recover. 619, F 670
19 November 1657 Mary Cromwell married in private at HCP to Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg. (Was he gay?) Pastorals written by Andrew Marvell - see F 642-43.
Betty brought to HCP [summer] 1657 died 6 August. Body borne by barge from HCP to Westminster Abbey. Body interred in Henry VII chapel. F661-665
The Restoration
[edit]Charles II
[edit]Only HCP would be fit for the return of the King, everything else was trashed. - T129
John Evelyn diarist and gardener, and Andre Mollet garden designer to Charles I and II - L-G 13
James II
[edit]Spent a number of single days at HCP in the summers of 1686 and 1687. Repairs and maintenance, but no major changes. Heath 33
The rebuilding of the Palace by Christopher Wren
[edit]The Palace rebuilt: Christopher Wren's [ ] for William and Mary
[edit]Architects
John Rose and George London - nurserymen L-G 13
Hendrick Quellingburgh, Samuel van Staden, Casper Gamperle, and Hendrick Flores assisted with garden management and exotic plants L-G13
William Bentinck - which one?
Anne
[edit]Refurbished the Great Fountain Garden and planted the yews in 1707 - L-G 16
[The Hanovers]
[edit]George I
[edit]Preferred to lavish attention on his gardens at Herrhausen L-G 16
Replanted the Lower Wilderness in Home Park, replaced the decayed bower in the Privy Garden L-G 16
After 1737 the Court stopped visiting on a regular basis. L-G 16
The end of Royal occupation
The era of 'grace and favour'
[edit]George III
[edit][ ]
The public Palace
[edit]Queen Victoria and the opening of the Palace
[edit]Mass tourism
The restoration of the palace / Edward Jesse and the display of the Royal Collection
[edit][ ]
The Palace restored
[edit]The Palace in the Modern era
[edit]WWI and return from austerity
1932 cafe built next to surviving Tiltyard tower
1969 government classes Hampton Court as 'ancient monument'
Prince Charles' 1984 RIBA anniversary speech - 'a monstrous carbuncle'
[edit]In a speech given at a Royal Gala Evening to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects on 30 May 1984, the Prince of Wales gave the first public articulation of his views on modern architecture. Criticised the proposed extension of the National Gallery designed by Ahrends Burton Koralek. - Life after carbuncles
It is hard to imagine that London before the last war must have had one of the most beautiful skylines of any great city, if those who recall it are to be believed. ... Those who knew it then and loved it, as so many British love Venice without concrete stumps and glass towers, and those who can imagine what it was like, must associate with the sentiments in one of Aldous Huxley's earliest and most successful novels, Antic Hay, where the main character, an unsuccessful architect, reveals a model of London as Christopher Wren wanted to rebuild it after the Great Fire, and describes how Wren was so obsessed with the opportunity the fire gave the city to rebuild itself into a greater and more glorious vision. What, then, are we doing to our capital city now? What have we done to it since the bombing during the war? What are we shortly to do to one of its most famous areas - Trafalgar Square? Instead of designing an extension to the elegant facade of the National Gallery which complements it and continues the concept of columns and domes, it looks as if we may be presented with a kind of municipal fire station, complete with the sort of tower that contains the siren. I would understand better this type of high-tech approach if you demolished the whole of Trafalgar Square and started again with a single architect responsible for the entire layout, but what is proposed is like a monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend.[14]
Proposed building was cancelled. Trafalgar Square, 1991: Charles wins the battle of Trafalgar Square with a postmodern classical design by the American husband-and-wife team Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown.
Launched 'Perspectives' architecture magazine (folded 4 years later) - Supertroll
https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/16/king-charles-iii-impact-british-architecture/
Prince of Wales's Institute of Civil Architecture - The King's Foundation
Became patron of the National Gallery in 2016. - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35586339
Competition to find the UK's worst building launched in 2006 by magazine Building Design – the Carbuncle Cup.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2004/may/17/architecture.regeneration - Life after carbuncles - "The result was a slight and harmless rash of pseudo-Georgian country houses funded by Thatcher-loving city slickers, the gimcrack redevelopment of Richmond Riverside and, ultimately, the trilby-hatted but ungentlemanly design of Paternoster Square, completed last year and demeaning St Paul's Cathedral today. And, of course, there was Poundbury, a potty extension to Dorchester with humble vernacular-style cottages designed by grand professional architects. There was the Prince of Wales's popular book and TV documentary, A Vision of Britain, the short-lived magazine Perspectives and the Prince of Wales's Institute of Civil Architecture - which may, or may not, still exist."
"You have to give this much to the Luftwaffe," said Prince Charles at the Corporation of London Planning and Communication Committee's annual dinner at Mansion House in December 1987. "When it knocked down our buildings, it didn't replace them with anything more offensive than rubble."
https://triglyphbooks.com/products/king-charles-iii-forty-years-of-architecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOEQLkg5Xlk
The fire of 1986
[edit]A fire that broke out in a grace and favour apartment above the Cartoon Gallery on Easter Monday, 31 March 1986, caused significant damage to the south range of Fountain Court. The fire began shortly after midnight in the main bedroom of the third floor apartment occupied by Lady Daphne Gale[g], by a naked flame setting the floor alight, which burnt slowly into the cavity above the Cartoon Gallery.[h] The fire triggered an intruder security alarm at 5.20 a.m. Guards investigating the alarm discovered the paint on the Cartoon Gallery ceiling bubbling, and, proceeding to the third floor, were prevented from entering Lady Gale's apartment by dense smoke. Firefighters gained entry to Lady Gale's apartment around 6 a.m. to find the fire had broken through to the roof and into neighbouring apartments.[i] The fire spread into the cavity above the Audience Chamber[j] and engulfed the top floor, with beams and trusses collapsing into the galleries below.[18] More than twenty fire engines were ultimately called to extinguish the blaze,[k] with staff from the Superintendent of the Royal Collection retrieving works of art and sculpture alongside firefighters.[l][21][22] The fire was reported as 'surrounded' by 9.40 a.m., and palace staff and officials re-entered the building shortly after to assess the damage and begin salvage.[m][24]
A working party[n] established on 3 April to 'co-ordinate all activities relating to immediate problems created by the fire and to plan for the restoration' set a policy of 'total salvage', aiming to ensure as much original material was retained, dried, restored and re-used. An aluminium roof with clear panelling for lighting was constructed to cover the entirety of the damaged area.[o][26] The reconstruction and restoration project, involving specialist archaeologists, conservators and restorers,[p] took over 5 years to complete, retaining 75% of oak panelling, 64% of softwood panelling and 64% of the original mouldings.[28] Only 9% of structural timbers were able to be recycled,[q] with Baltic Pine shipped from Canada being of the required length to replace lost tie beams.[29] A 'topping out' ceremony was held on 23 April 1990 officiated by the Duke of Gloucester, and Baroness Blatch ceremonially reopened the State Apartments on 2 October 1991. The total cost of restoration was £8.5 million, £1.2 million under budget.[r][31]
IMAGES: South Front scaffolding / Interior fire damage / Gibbons restorer
A Historic Royal Palace
[edit]Management changes following the fire led to the creation of Historic Royal Palaces, bringing the unoccupied royal palaces out of government control.[32]
Privy Garden restoration
[edit]Fire led to restoration of the Privy Court Garden - TLG 52, Worsley & Souter 123-124
https://archaeology.co.uk/articles/features/the-archaeology-of-hampton-court.htm
Costumed guides used for the first time at HCP. [33]
Children's Magic Garden opened by the Duchess of Cambridge on 4 May 2016.[34]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Despite lying on the Middlesex north bank of the Thames in Richmond borough, Hampton Court shares a Kingston KT8 postcode with East Molesey and West Molesey on the Surrey south bank. The palace's postal address is confusingly given as "East Molesey, Surrey KT8", on the opposite bank of the Thames.
- ^ The earliest reference to the name is the manor house referred to as 'Hampton Court' in the 1399 will of Richard Weynel, Vicar of Hampton.[1]
- ^ Precursor to the modern Order of St John.
- ^ In 1353 Edward III had paid for the Order's manor at Hampton Court to be repaired after his servants accidentally set fire to the roof.
- ^ The first recorded lease of the manor was to John Wode, the Yorkist Speaker of the House of Commons under Edward IV and vice-admiral for Richard III. The date of Wode’s lease is not known, only its re-granting on the same terms to Giles Daubeney in 1494.[3]
- ^ Originally an esquire of Edward IV (and knighted in 1478), Daubeney formed part of the failed Buckingham's rebellion against Richard III, before escaping to Brittany with Henry Tudor and later fighting bravely at the Battle of Bosworth. Daubeney was rewarded by Henry VII, becoming a Privy Councillor, co-Master of the Mint and Lieutenant of Calais.[4]
- ^ Lady Gale was the elderly widow of General Sir Richard Gale. General and Lady Gale had been resident in Apartment 10 since 23 April 1972. The apartment comprised four bedrooms, three living rooms, a kichen, two bathrooms and two lavatories. General Gale died on 29 July 1982.[15]
- ^ The Secretary of State for the Environment appointed Sir John Garlick to 'enquire into the role of the Department of the Environment in relation to the fire at Hampton Court Palace'. The ensuing report was published on 3 July 1986. The inquiry concluded the fire was 'connected with Lady Gale personally, perhaps by smoking material or a lit candle'.[16]
- ^ Mrs Elizabeth Baily, resident of neighbouring Apartment 7 overlooking the Privy Garden was awoken by firemen at 6 a.m. "more annoyed than frightened" and evacuated along with other residents to Apartment 12 on the ground floor of the East Front. Queen Elizabeth later met with Mrs Baily in the ruins of her apartment. The eastern end of Apartment 63 was also damaged. [17]
- ^ Adjoining the Cartoon Gallery.
- ^ Officials from the Office of Works punched holes in the floors of the galleries to allow water to drain to ground level, with one remarking: "We spend all our lives maintaining and caring for this building, and now I'm the one smashing holes in order to save it."[19]
- ^ The Brussels Tapestries which had hung in the Cartoon Gallery had fortuitously been removed for cleaning at the time of the fire.[20]
- ^ Lady Hale's body was recovered at 1 p.m. [23]
- ^ Comprising officials from the Property Services Agency, Hampton Court Palace and English Heritage.
- ^ Constructed in 18 days, the cover would hold steady through both the Great Storm of 1987 and Cyclone Daria.[25]
- ^ Specialist conservators recovered and reproduced the carved limewood mouldings of Grinling Gibbons. Sea shells, used by Wren as sound insulation in the voids between joists, were recovered, washed and replaced. Every crystal from a 17th-Century chandelier which had disintegrated with the collapse of the roof above was recovered from the debris, and the chandelier reassembled and rehung in the Audience Gallery.[27]
- ^ A proposal to use timber sourced from aged lime trees felled from the Great Fountain Garden was abandoned when carvers found lead shot embedded in the trunks, presumably a result of musketry practice or deer culling over the centuries.[29]
- ^ The budget saving was mostly due to the third floor rooms not being reinstated at that stage.[30]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Garside 1951, p. 8; Heath 2000, p. 13.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 4; Russell 2023, p. 19; Osborne 1990, pp. 13–15.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 7.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 8; Russell 2023, p. 21-22.
- ^ Thurley 2003, pp. 5–9; Russell 2023, pp. 20–21; Thurley 2017, p. 150.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 14.
- ^ a b Thurley 1991, p. 87.
- ^ Thurley (2003, p. 36) citing Ford (2001, p. Appendix 1)
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 68-69.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 70-72.
- ^ Heath 2000, p. 22.
- ^ Somerset 1991, p. 364.
- ^ Heath 2000, p. 25.
- ^ "A speech by HRH The Prince of Wales at the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), Royal Gala Evening at Hampton Court Palace". Clarence House. 30 May 1984. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ Parker 2005, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 31, 37–38.
- ^ Parker 2005, pp. 29, 133.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 13, 30–33, 77; Thurley 2003, p. 383.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, p. 14.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, p. 13.
- ^ Associated Press (2 April 1986). "PAINTINGS WERE SAVED IN HAMPTON COURT FIRE". The New York Times. pp. A, 3. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 13–15; Thurley 2003, p. 383.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 383.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, p. 13-15.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, p. 35.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 34–38; Thurley 2003, p. 386.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 85-97 (Gibbons), 46, 106-107 (seashells), 39–42, 119 (chandelier).
- ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 38, 177.
- ^ a b Fishlock 1992, p. 77. Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEFishlock199277" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 386.
- ^ Fishlock 1992, pp. 99, 117; Thurley 2003, p. 386.
- ^ Thurley 2003, p. 57.
- ^ Worsley & Souden 2005, p. 125.
- ^ Russell 2023, pp. 363–368.
Sources
[edit]General histories
[edit]Borman, Tracy (2016). The Private Lives of the Tudors: Uncovering the secrets of Britain's greatest dynasty. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 9781444782899.
Fishlock, Michael (1992). The Great Fire at Hampton Court. The Herbert Press. ISBN 1871569494.
Garside, Bernard (1951). The Manor Lordship and Great Parks of Hampton Court during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (with a description of Hampton Wick Fields and the Thames Islands). Richmond: Dimblebys of Richmond.
Heath, Gerald (2000). Hampton Court: the story of a village. Hampton Court Association. ISBN 978-0953870004.
Law, Ernest (1885). The History of Hampton Court Palace: Tudor Times. Vol. 1. London: George Bell and Sons.
Law, Ernest (1898). The History of Hampton Court Palace: Stuart Times. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons.
Law, Ernest (1891). The History of Hampton Court Palace: Orange and Guelph Times. Vol. 3. London: George Bell and Sons.
Longstaffe-Gowan, Todd (2005). The Gardens and Parks at Hampton Court Palace. London: Francis Lincoln. ISBN 0711223688.
Osborne, June (1990). Hampton Court Palace. London: HMSO. ISBN 011290484X.
Parker, Sarah E (2005). Grace & Favour: A Handbook of Who Lived Where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950. London: Historic Royal Palaces 2005. ISBN 1873993501.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Russell, Gareth (2023). The Palace: From the Tudors to the Windsors - 500 Years of History at Hampton Court. London: William Collins. ISBN 9780008436988.
Thurley, Simon (1993). The Royal Palaces of Tudor England. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300054203.
Thurley, Simon (2003). Hampton Court: A Social and Architectural History. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300102232.
Thurley, Simon (2013). Men from the Ministry: how Britain saved its Heritage. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300195729.
Thurley, Simon (2017). Houses of Power: the Palaces that Shaped the Tudor World. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 9781784160494.
Thurley, Simon (2021). Palaces of Revolution: Life, Death & Art at the Stuart Court. London: William Collins. ISBN 9780008389994.
Worsley, Lucy; Souden, David (2005). Hampton Court Palace: the official illustrated history. London: Merrell. ISBN 9781858942827.
Articles and theses
[edit]Dolman, Brett (July 2017). "Curating the Royal Collection at Hampton Court Palace in the nineteenth century". Journal of the History of Collections. 29 (2): 271–290.
Dolman, Brett (July 2018). "From a royal residence to a royal collection: the state apartments at Hampton Court Palace, 1737–1838". Journal of the History of Collections. 30 (2): 217–233.
Ford, Lisa (2001). Conciliar politics and administration in the reign of Henry VII (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews.
Chapman, Llewella (2017). Representing Henry’s Royal Palace: The Relationship between Film, Television and Hampton Court Palace (PhD thesis). University of East Anglia, School of Art, Media and American Studies.
Davis, John R. (2024). "An Act of 'Queenly Beneficence'? A Historical Investigation of the Opening of Hampton Court Palace to the Public in the Nineteenth Century". The Court Historian. 29 (1): 17–32.
Lipscomb, Suzannah (Summer 2010). "Historical Authenticity and Interpretative Strategy at Hampton Court Palace". The Public Historian. 32 (3): 98–119 – via JSTOR.
Parker, Julia (2009). Reinvention and continuity in the making of an historic visitor attraction: control access and display at Hampton Court Palace,1838-1938 (PhD thesis). Kingston University, London.
Thurley, Simon (1988). "Henry VIII and the Building of Hampton Court: A Reconstruction of the Tudor Palace". Architectural History. 31: 1–57.
Thurley, Simon (1991). "The domestic building works of Cardinal Wolsey". In Gunn, S.J.; Lindley, P.G. (eds.). Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State and Art. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–102. ISBN 0521375681.
Biographies
[edit]Weir, Alison (1998). Elizabeth the Queen. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099524250.
Weir, Alison (2001). Henry VIII: King and Court. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099532422.
Weir, Alison (2013). Elizabeth of York: the First Tudor Queen. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 9780224089814.
Fraser, Antonia (1973). Cromwell: Our Chief of Men. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. ISBN 0297765566.
Hutton, Ronald (2024). Oliver Cromwell: Commander in Chief. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300278941.
Mayer, Catherine (2022). Charles: the Heart of a King. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780753560099.
Russell, Gareth (2017). Young and Damned and Fair: The Life and Tragedy of Catherine Howard at the Court of Henry VIII. London: William Collins. ISBN 9780008128272.
Somerset, Anne (1991). Elizabeth I. London: Phoenix. ISBN 1857998855.
Tallis, Nicola (2024). Young Elizabeth: Princess. Prisoner. Queen. London: Michael O'Mara. ISBN 9781789295191.
Wilkinson, Josephine (2016). Katherine Howard: The Tragic Story of Henry VIII's Fifth Queen. London: John Murray. ISBN 9781444796261.
Select guide books (chronological order)
[edit]Jesse, Edward (1841). A Summer's Day at Hampton Court (4th ed.). London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.
Jesse, Edward (1842). A Summer's Day at Hampton Court (5th ed.). London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.
Summerly, Felix (1843). A Handbook for the Architecture, Tapestries, Paintings, Gardens and Grounds of Hampton Court (2nd ed.). London: Bell and Daldy.
Thurley, Simon (1996). Murphy, Clare; Fletcher, Anne (eds.). Hampton Court Palace: the Official Guide Book (1st ed.). London: Historic Royal Palaces.