User:Mullimia/Facial composite
A facial composite is a graphical representation of one or more eyewitnesses' memories of a face, as recorded by a composite artist. Facial composites are used mainly by police in their investigation of (usually serious) crimes. These images are used to reconstruct the suspect's face in hope of identifying them. Facial reconstruction can also be used in archeological studies to get a visualization of ancient mummies or human remains.[1]
Methods
[edit]Hand-drawing
[edit]Construction of the composite was originally only performed by a trained artist, through drawing, sketching, or painting, in consultation with a witness or crime victim. FBI claims that hand-drawing is its preferred method for constructing a facial composite.[citation needed]
Feature-based selection
[edit]Feature-based systems essentially rely on the selection of individual features in isolation. Individual facial features (eyes, nose, mouth, eyebrows, etc.) are selected one at a time from a large database and then electronically 'overlaid' to make the composite image. This allows images to be created when suitable artistic talent is not available.
Such systems were originally mechanical, using drawings or photographs printed on transparent acetate sheets that could be superimposed on one another to produce the composite image. The first such system was the drawing-based "Identikit" which was introduced in the U.S. in 1959.[2] A photograph-based system, "Photofit", was introduced in the UK in 1970.[2] Modern systems are software-based; common systems include SketchCop FACETTE Face Design System Software, Identi-Kit 2000, FACES, E-FIT and PortraitPad.
Welker Facial Reconstruction Technique
This technique was created in order to determine the depth of human face tissue.[3] Welker, was able to measure the depth of human face tissue by inserting surgical blades throughout different areas of the face.[3] He was able to map out the areas of the face that had the most tissue depth.[3] In the 1880's to 1890's a man named Wilheim was able to further advance the Welker Facial Reconstruction Technique.[3] He used thinner needles to achieve a more targeted and precise measurement of depth, rather than using a bulky surgical blade that can distort the surrounding tissue.[3]
- ^ Wilkinson, Caroline (2010-2). "Facial reconstruction – anatomical art or artistic anatomy?". Journal of Anatomy. 216 (2): 235–250. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01182.x. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 2815945. PMID 20447245.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Davies, Graham M.; Valentine, Tim (2006). "Facial Composites: Forensic Utility and Psychological Research". In Rod C. L. Lindsay; et al. (eds.). Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology. Vol. 2 Memory for People. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Section, "Mechanical Systems". doi:10.4324/9781315805535. ISBN 9780805851526 – via Routledge Handbooks Online (2014).
- ^ a b c d e Gupta, Sonia; Gupta, Vineeta; Vij, Hitesh; Vij, Ruchieka; Tyagi, Nutan (2015-9). "Forensic Facial Reconstruction: The Final Frontier". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 9 (9): ZE26 – ZE28. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/14621.6568. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4606364. PMID 26501035.
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