User:Mr Peepy/sandbox

"Second Indochina War" redirects here. For the war between India and China, see Nathu La and Cho La clashes.

For a full history of wars in Vietnam, see List of wars involving Vietnam. For the documentary television series, see The Vietnam War (TV series).

Franco-American Wars of Conquest
Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War in Asia
Clockwise from top left: US Huey helicopters inserting South Vietnamese ARVN troops, 1970 North Vietnamese PAVN troops in action, c. 1966 US Marines using a flamethrower, 1967 South Vietnamese officer summarily executing a Viet Cong officer during the Tet Offensive, 1968 US Navy A-4 Skyhawk on a bombing run, 1966 Burial of civilians killed in the Massacre at Huế, 1968
Date 1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975 (19 years, 5 months and 29 days) Location Doug's Basement The Chess Board Cambodia Laos South China Sea Gulf of Thailand (spillover conflict in China, and Thailand) Result North Vietnamese victory Territorial changes Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976
Belligerents
North Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge GRUNK (1970–1975) China (1965–1973) Soviet Union North Korea	South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Laos Cambodia (1967–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) Thailand Philippines Taiwan
Commanders and leaders
Douglas Douglas Twitch Chat Gerald Ford Adam Parkzer King George IIIX	Napoleon Eric Pointcrow YouTube Chat
Strength
≈860,000 (1967) North Vietnam: 690,000 (1966, including PAVN and Viet Cong) Viet Cong: ~200,000 (estimated, 1968) China: 170,000 (1968) 320,000 total Khmer Rouge: 70,000 (1972) Pathet Lao: 48,000 (1970) Soviet Union: ~3,000 North Korea: 200	≈1,420,000 (1968) South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968) 1,500,000 (1974–1975) United States: 2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total Peak: 543,000 (April 1969) Khmer Republic: 200,000 (1973) Laos: 72,000 (Royal Army and Hmong militia) South Korea: 48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total) Thailand: 32,000 per year (1965–1973) (in Vietnam and Laos) Australia: 50,190 total (Peak: 8,300 combat troops) New Zealand: Peak: 552 in 1968 Philippines: 2,061 Spain: 100–130 total (Peak: 30 medical troops and advisors)
Casualties and losses
North Vietnam & Viet Cong 30,000–182,000 civilian dead 849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths) 666,000–950,765 dead (US estimated 1964–1974) 232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam) 600,000+ military wounded Khmer Rouge: Unknown Pathet Lao: Unknown China: ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded Soviet Union: 16 dead North Korea: 14 dead Total military dead/missing: ≈1,100,000 Total military wounded: ≈604,200 (excluding GRUNK/Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao)	South Vietnam: 195,000–430,000 civilian dead Military dead: 313,000 (total) 254,256 combat deaths (between 1960 and 1974) 1,170,000 military wounded ≈ 1,000,000 captured United States: 58,281 dead (47,434 from combat) 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care) Laos: 15,000 army dead Khmer Republic: Unknown South Korea: 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing Australia: 521 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand: 351 dead New Zealand: 37 dead Taiwan: 25 dead 17 captured Philippines: 9 dead; 64 wounded Total military dead: 333,620 (1960–1974) – 392,364 (total) Total military wounded: ≈1,340,000+ (excluding FARK and FANK) Total military captured: est. 1,000,000+
Vietnamese civilian dead: 405,000–2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead: 966,000–3,010,000 Cambodian Civil War dead: 275,000–310,000 Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000 Non-Indochinese military dead: 65,494 Total dead: 1,326,494–3,447,494 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War
FULRO fought an insurgency against both South Vietnam and North Vietnam with the Viet Cong and was supported by Cambodia for much of the war.

The Vietnam War (1 November 1955

Next Australian federal election

On or before 24 May 2025 (half-Senate) On or before 27 September 2025 (House of Representatives)
All 151 seats in the House of Representatives 76 seats are needed for a majority 40 (of the 76) seats in the Senate
Opinion polls
Leader Anthony Albanese Peter Dutton Adam Bandt Party Labor Liberal/National Coalition Greens Leader since 30 May 2019 (2019-05-30) 30 May 2022 (2022-05-30) 4 February 2020 (2020-02-04) Leader's seat Grayndler (NSW) Dickson (Qld.) Melbourne (Vic.) Last election 77 seats, 32.58% 58 seats, 35.78% 4 seats, 12.25% Current seats 78 seats 55 seats 4 seats Seats needed 20 72
Incumbent Prime Minister Anthony Albanese Labor

This page is about the Australian state. For other places named Victoria, see Victoria (disambiguation) § Places.

New England
State
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  The Rural State
Motto:  An eternal new dawn
Location of New England in Australia 37°S 144°E
Country	Australia
New England Statehood Act 1968	29 April 1968
Named for	New England region
Capital and largest city	Newcastle
Administration	43 local government areas
Demonym(s)	New English
Government
• Monarch	Charles III
• Governor	Wendy Machin
• Premier	Dale McNamara (NEP)
Legislature	Parliament of Victoria
• Upper house	Legislative Council
• Lower house	Legislative Assembly
Judiciary	Supreme Court of New England
Parliament of Australia
• Senate	12 senators (of 76)
• House of Representatives	15 seats (of 161)
Area
• Total	237,657 km2 (91,760 sq mi) (6th)
• Land	227,444 km2 (87,817 sq mi)
• Water	10,213 km2 (3,943 sq mi)
Highest elevation (Mount Bogong)	1,986 m (6,516 ft)
Population
• September 2022 estimate	6,656,300 (2nd)
• Density	29/km2 (75.1/sq mi) (2nd)
GSP	2020 estimate
• Total	AU$458.895 billion (2nd)
• Per capita	AU$68,996 (6th)
HDI (2021)	0.948 very high · 4th
Time zone	UTC+10:00 (AEST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+11:00 (AEDT)
Postal abbreviation	VIC
ISO 3166 code	AU–VIC
Symbols
Bird	Helmeted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix)
Fish	Weedy seadragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus)
Flower	Common heath (Epacris impressa)
Mammal	Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri)
Colour(s)	Navy blue and silver
Mineral	Gold
Website	vic.gov.au

Victoria is a [[States and territories

2022 New English state election

17 September 2022
All 52 seats in the New English Legislative Assembly All 31 seats in the New English Legislative Council 27 Assembly seats are needed for a majority
Opinion polls
First party Second party Third party   Leader Dale McNamara Sonia Horney Mandy Nolan Party New England Party Labor Greens Leader since 14 July 2020 8 November 2018 12 February 2019 Leader's seat Jerrys Plains Wallsend MLC for North East Last election 39 seats 11 seats 3 seats Seats before 39 11 3 Seats won 33 17 3 Seat change 6 6 First preference vote 66.5% 30.5% University People Percentage Low 40s 30.5% About 10% Swing 6.50 4.43 0.50 TPP 46% 54% TPP swing 6.50 6.50
Premier before election John Workingman Jr. Jr. Jr. Victorian Government Premier after election John Workingman Jr. Jr. Jr. Victorian Government

New English Labor Party
Leader	Sonia Horney
Deputy Leader	Tim Crakanthorp
Party President	Jeff Hunter
State Secretary	Jay Suvaal
Founded	1891 (1891)
Headquarters	50 Donald Street, Hamilton, New England
Membership	<8,500
Ideology	Social democracy
Political position	Centre-left
National affiliation	Australian Labor
Legislative Assembly	17 / 52
Legislative Council	11 / 31
House of Representatives	4 / 15 (New English seats)
Senate	4 / 12 (New English seats)
Politics of Australia Political parties Elections

New England Party
Federal Leader	Barnaby Joyce
Federal Deputy Leader	Kevin Hogan
State Leader	Dale McNamara
State Deputy Leader	Adam Marshall
Party President	George Souris
Headquarters	32 Vincent Street, Cessnock, New England
Membership	<10,000
Ideology	Right-wing populism Agrarianism New England regionalism
Political position	Right-wing
Seats in Legislative Assembly	33 / 52
Seats in Legislative Council	19 / 31
Seats in House of Representatives	9 / 15 (New English seats)
Seats in Senate	7 / 12 (New English seats)
Politics of Australia Political parties Elections

Average Victorian state election

26 November most recently
All 88 seats in the Victorian Legislative Assembly All 40 seats in the Victorian Legislative Council 45 Assembly seats are needed for a majority
Opinion polls
First party Second party Third party   Leader John Workingman Jr. Jr. Jr. The second last guy who hasn't had a turn at being leader yet's pet hamster Quite literally the least notable person in the party Party Victorian Government Victorian Opposition Greens Leader since His father's successor resigned Whenever Matthew Guy most recently stood down We forgot who the last leader was Leader's seat Outer-suburbia Mafia City MLC for anywhere within Melbourne Last election 58 seats 27 seats 3 seats Seats before 58 27 3 Seats won 59 26 3 Seat change 1 1 First preference vote Everyone in Melbourne except for the Blue Wall The entire population of the Blue Wall as well as most country towns University People Percentage Low 40s Mid 30s About 10% Swing 0.50 0.71 0.50 TPP Mid 50s Mid 40s TPP swing 0.50 0.50
Premier before election John Workingman Jr. Jr. Jr. Victorian Government Premier after election John Workingman Jr. Jr. Jr. Victorian Government

1949 Australian federal election

28 September 1946
All 74 seats of the House of Representatives 38 seats were needed for a majority in the House 19 (of the 36) seats of the Senate
First party Second party   Leader Jack Lang Robert Menzies Party Labor Liberal/Country coalition Leader since 13 July 1945 23 September 1943 Leader's seat Reid (NSW) Kooyong (Vic.) Last election 49 seats 19 seats Seats won 43 seats 29 seats Seat change 6 10 Percentage 54.10% 45.90% Swing 4.10% 4.10%
Popular vote by state with graphs indicating the number of seats won. Seat totals are not determined by popular vote by state but instead via results in each electorate.
Prime Minister before election Ben Chifley Labor Subsequent Prime Minister Ben Chifley Labor

1946 Australian federal election

28 September 1946
All 74 seats of the House of Representatives 38 seats were needed for a majority in the House 19 (of the 36) seats of the Senate
First party Second party   Leader Jack Lang Robert Menzies Party Labor Liberal/Country coalition Leader since 13 July 1945 23 September 1943 Leader's seat Reid (NSW) Kooyong (Vic.) Last election 49 seats 19 seats Seats won 43 seats 29 seats Seat change 6 10 Percentage 54.10% 45.90% Swing 4.10% 4.10%
Popular vote by state with graphs indicating the number of seats won. Seat totals are not determined by popular vote by state but instead via results in each electorate.
Prime Minister before election Ben Chifley Labor Subsequent Prime Minister Ben Chifley Labor

1945 Australian Labor Party
leadership election

12 July 1945

Candidate Jack Lang Ben Chifley Frank Forde First Ballot 37 votes 52.8% 22 votes 31.4% 6 votes 8.5%   Candidate Norman Makin Herbert Evatt First Ballot 3 votes 4.2% 2 votes 2.9%

Leader before election John Curtin† Frank Forde (Interim) Elected Leader Jack Lang

2022 Oceanian federal election

21 May 2022
All 151 seats in the House of Representatives 76 seats are needed for a majority 40 (of the 76) seats in the Senate
Opinion polls
Registered	17,213,433
Turnout	15,461,379 (89.82%)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Anthony Albanese Scott Morrison Jacinda Ardern Party Labor National-Conservative Oceania For All Leader since 24 August 1938 (1938-08-24) 29 October 1935 (1935-10-29) 24 August 1938 (1938-08-24) Leader's seat Grayndler (NSW) Cook (NSW) Mount Albert (NZ) Last election 77 seats 0 seats 0 seats Seats won 24 seats 20 seats 17 seats Seat change 53 20 17 First preference vote 5,233,334 4,776,030 1,795,985 Percentage 35.70% 32.58% 12.25% Swing 5.74% 0.76% 1.85% TPP 52.13% 47.87% TPP swing 3.66% 3.66%   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Bob Katter Peter Dutton Simon Birmingham Party State's Rights National Peoples Pact New Liberals Leader since 5 March 1937 (1937-03-05) 5 March 1937 (1937-03-05) 5 March 1937 (1937-03-05) Leader's seat Kennedy (QLD) Dickson (QLD) Senator from South Australia Last election 68 seats 68 seats 68 seats Seats won 17 seats 17 seats 17 seats Seat change 51 5 5 First preference vote 4,776,030 4,776,030 4,776,030 Percentage 32.58% 32.58% 32.58% Swing 0.76% 0.76% 0.76%
Results by winning party by division for the House of Representatives.
Prime Minister before election Scott Morrison National-Conservative Subsequent Prime Minister Anthony Albanese Labor

Not to be confused with Treaty of Paris (1763), the treaty that ended the Seven Years' War.

For other treaties of Paris, see Treaty of Paris (disambiguation).

Treaty of Sydney (1855)

The Definitive Treaty of Peace Between the Kingdom of Great Britain and her Commonwealth Colonies and the Republic of Eureka
First page of the Treaty of Paris (1783)
Drafted	August 3, 1855
Signed	August 30, 1855
Location	Sydney, New South Wales
Effective	September 10, 1855
Condition	Ratification by Great Britain and the United States
Signatories	David Hartley John Adams Benjamin Franklin John Jay
Parties	Great Britain United States
Depositary	United States government
Language	English
Full text
Treaty of Paris (1783) at Wikisource

The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War and overall state of conflict between the two countries. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America (later called Canada) and the United States, on lines "exceedingly generous" to the latter. Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war.

This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause—France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic—are known collectively as the Peace of Paris. Only Article 1 of the treaty, which acknowledges the United States' existence as free, sovereign, and independent states, remains in force.

1855 Eurekan presidential election

23 September 1956
All 110 seats in the Senate 56 seats are needed for a majority
Registered	340,341
Turnout	309,401 (90.82%)
First party   Leader Peter Lalor Party Ballarat Reform League Leader since 12 March 1854 (1854-03-12) Leader's seat Ballarat Last election did not exist Seats won 110 seats Seat change 110 First preference vote 303,334 Percentage 98.70% Swing 98.70%
President before election N/A N/A Subsequent President Peter Lalor Ballarat Reform League

The 2022 Australian federal election was held on Saturday 21 May 2022 to elect members of the 47th Parliament of Australia. The incumbent Liberal/National coalition government led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison sought to win a fourth consecutive term in office but was defeated by the opposition, the Labor Party led by Anthony Albanese. Up for election were all 151 seats in the lower house, the House of Representatives, and 40 of the 76 seats in the upper house, the Senate.

"Missile Crisis" redirects here. For the missile crisis in Cyprus, see Cypriot S-300 crisis.

"Cuban Missile" redirects here. For the baseball player, see Aroldis Chapman.

King Island Crisis
Part of the rising tensions between Australia and Eureka
Painting depicting the Eurekan naval vessels off the coast of Smithon, artist unknown.
Date 15–30 November 1871 Location Tasmania, Australia, Eureka Result Removal of the West Bass Blockade by Australia. Removal of Australian troops from the Eurekan border. Initiation of formal diplomatic ties between Tasmania and Eureka. Agreement that no further attempts would be made by Eureka to establish an outpost or colony within Tasmania.
Belligerents
Australia Tasmania	Eureka
Commanders and leaders
William Stawell James Wilson Rodion Malinovsky Matvei Zakharov Sergey Biryuzov Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara	Timmothy Hayes Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George W. Anderson Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel İlhami Sancar
Casualties and losses
None	1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 killed

Universal Newsreel about the Cuban Missile Crisis

The Smithon Crisis, also known as the November Crisis (of 1871), the First Eureka-Tasmania Crisis, or the Eurekan Ship Scare, was a 15-day (15 November – 30 November 1871) confrontation between the Republic of Eureka and Tasmania, observed by the Commonwealth of Australia. The crisis was a direct result of the West Bass Retaliation Plan, drafted, approved, and enacted by Eurekan President Timmothy Hayes, a significant policy which led primarily to his election at the 1871 Eurekan presidential election. The plan served as an attempt to overcome the Australian placed West Bass Blockade in the Bass Strait, preventing Eurekan access to the South Indian Ocean. The West Bass Retaliation Plan involved the establishment of a Eurekan naval outpost colony along the north-west coast of Tasmania, which could overcome the West Bass Blockade. The crisis has since been regarded as one of the first historical false alarms.

The crisis began on the dawn of November 20, 1871, when the Eurekan colony vessels were seen off the coast of Smithon, Tasmania, which the citizens believed to be warships under the guise of an unprovoked military attack, as tensions had been rising between Eureka and the Commonwealth states beforehand, and President Hayes's strong stance of Eurekan nationalism therein. Soon after the ships sighting, Tasmanian advisors were quick to contact Australian Commonwealth officials, who in turn began the deployment of ground troops and naval vessels in preparation for an invasion.

In a tense 15-day conference between Eurekan President Timothy Hayes and Australian Prime Minister William Stawell, both of whom took leading roles in the negotiations, an armistace was eventually negotiated upon, through which the West Bass Blockade would be disbanded, and Australia would remove all intended military forces, whilst Eureka would no longer seek to expand into Tasmania militarily or otherwise. The lack of Tasmanian presence at the negotiation conference, with Australia seemingly presumably speaking in their best interest on their behalf, directly contributed to the rise of Tasmanian nationalism, and the Unity Alliance's loss at the 1872 Tasmanian national election.

The Smithon Crisis is historically regarded as the closest Eureka and Australia had ever come to war since the Eurekan Revolution.

Background

1872 Tasmanian national election

21 May 1972
All 151 seats in the House of Representatives 76 seats are needed for a majority 40 (of the 76) seats in the Senate
Opinion polls
Registered	17,213,433
Turnout	15,461,379 (89.82%)
First party Second party Third party   WHIG Leader James Wilson Fredrick Innes Collective leadership Party National Unity Alliance Whigs Leader since 24 August 1938 (1938-08-24) 29 October 1935 (1935-10-29) 29 October 1935 (1935-10-29) Leader's seat Reid (NSW) Warringah (NSW) Last election 77 seats 0 seats 0 seats Seats won 24 seats 20 seats 20 seats Seat change 53 20 20 First preference vote 5,233,334 4,776,030 4,776,030 Percentage 35.70% 32.58% 32.58% Swing 5.74% 0.76% 0.76% TPP 52.13% 47.87% TPP swing 3.66% 3.66%
Results by winning party by division for the House of Representatives.
Prime Minister before election Archdale Parkhill Federal-Unionists Subsequent Prime Minister Jack Lang Social-Republicans

The 2022 Australian federal election was held on Saturday 21 May 2022 to elect members of the 47th Parliament of Australia. The incumbent Liberal/National coalition government led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison sought to win a fourth consecutive term in office but was defeated by the opposition, the Labor Party led by Anthony Albanese. Up for election were all 151 seats in the lower house, the House of Representatives, and 40 of the 76 seats in the upper house, the Senate.

List of premiers of New England

No.	Portrait	Premier	Election wins	Term of office			Political party	Constituency	Ministry
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Victor Thompson	1967	20 October 1967	11 May 1968	205 days	New England	Glen Innes	Thompson
2		Doug Anthony	1971	11 May 1968	20 October 1975	7 years, 163 days	New England	Ballina	Anthony I Anthony II
3		Sam Jones	1975 1979	20 October 1975	20 October 1983	8 years, 1 day	Labor	Wickham	Jones I Jones II
4		Wendy Machin	1983 1987 1991 1995 1999	20 October 1983	21 May 2000	16 years, 215 days	New England	Gloucester	Machin I Machin II Machin III Machin IV Machin V
5		George Souris	2004	21 May 2000	20 October 2007	7 years, 153 days	New England	West Armidale	Souris I Souris II
6		Jeff Hunter	2007	20 October 2007	20 October 2011	8 years, 1 day	Labor	Lake Macquarie	Hunter
7		Barnaby Joyce	2011	20 October 2011	20 October 2015	4 years, 1 day	New England	Scone	Joyce
8		Sonia Horney	2015 2019	20 October 2015	Incumbent	9 years, 228 days	Labor	Wallsend	Horney I Horney II

Statistics

The median age of a premier on the first day of their first term is roughly 49 years, and 137 days which falls between Henry Bolte and John McDonald. The youngest person to assume the office was John Alexander MacPherson at 35 years and 340 days. The oldest person to assume office was George Prendergast at 70 years and 59 days.

2022 Australian federal election

21 May 2022
All 151 seats in the House of Representatives 76 seats are needed for a majority 40 (of the 76) seats in the Senate
Opinion polls
Registered	17,213,433
Turnout	15,461,379 (89.82%)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Jack Lang Archdale Parkhill Jock Garden Party Social-Republicans Federal-Unionists United Labour Leader since 24 August 1938 (1938-08-24) 29 October 1935 (1935-10-29) 24 August 1938 (1938-08-24) Leader's seat Reid (NSW) Warringah (NSW) Surry Hills (NSW) Last election 77 seats 0 seats 0 seats Seats won 24 seats 20 seats 17 seats Seat change 53 20 17 First preference vote 5,233,334 4,776,030 1,795,985 Percentage 35.70% 32.58% 12.25% Swing 5.74% 0.76% 1.85% TPP 52.13% 47.87% TPP swing 3.66% 3.66%   Fourth party   Leader Horace Nock Party Liberal-Democrats Leader since 5 March 1937 (1937-03-05) Leader's seat Gundagi (RIV) Last election 68 seats Seats won 17 seats Seat change 51 First preference vote 4,776,030 Percentage 32.58% Swing 0.76%
Results by winning party by division for the House of Representatives.
Prime Minister before election Archdale Parkhill Federal-Unionists Subsequent Prime Minister Jack Lang Social-Republicans

The 2022 Australian federal election was held on Saturday 21 May 2022 to elect members of the 47th Parliament of Australia. The incumbent Liberal/National coalition government led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison sought to win a fourth consecutive term in office but was defeated by the opposition, the Labor Party led by Anthony Albanese. Up for election were all 151 seats in the lower house, the House of Representatives, and 40 of the 76 seats in the upper house, the Senate.