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Copy from (Sex reversal)
Sex reversal is the phenomenon whereby organisms change one sex for another in regard to their primary sex (male or female) determined by any of the sex-determination systems. [1] [2] Sex reversal is widely distributed across taxa regardless of their primary sex-determination system (e.g. GSD, Environmental sex determination (ESD), Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD)).[2] [3][4]
Sex reversal can be induced artificially by Endocrine disruptors like pollutants, including herbicides, which can act as estrogen promoters or inhibitors, which would respectively increase or decrease the number of female offspring, through controlling aromatase.[2][5]
However, much is still unknown about temperature-dependent sex determination, so the exact mechanism for sex reversal is unknown.
Research [6]in wild populations of the North American green frog has demonstrated that sex reversal is common. This work shows that genetic females sex reverse into phenotypic males and that genetic males sex reverse into phenotypic females, providing evidence that sex reversal can be bidirectional in amphibians. While endocrine disrupting chemical contamination is known from laboratory experiments[7] to cause sex reversal in amphibians, sex reversal in green frogs occurs irrespective of contamination, suggesting sex reversal is a natural process in amphibians.
Sex reversal in Fishes
[edit]Artificially Induced Sex reversal in fishes
[edit]Sex reversal in Amphibians
[edit]
Sex reversal in Reptiles
[edit]
Sex Reversal in Mammals
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Chan, S. T. H.; Harris, Geoffrey Wingfield; Edwards, Robert Geoffrey (1970-08-06). "Natural sex reversal in vertebrates". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 259 (828): 59–71. doi:10.1098/rstb.1970.0046.
- ^ a b c Gilbert, Scott F (2010-04-15). Developmental Biology. ISBN 978-0-87893-384-6.
- ^ Policansky, D (1982). "Sex Change in Plants and Animals". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 13 (1): 471–495. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.002351.
- ^ Weber, Ceri; Capel, Blanche (2018). "Sex reversal". Current Biology. 28 (21): R1234 – R1236. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.043. ISSN 0960-9822.
- ^ Nakamura, M. (2010). "The mechanism of sex determination in vertebrates-are sex steroids the key-factor?". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 313A (7): 381–398. doi:10.1002/jez.616. PMID 20623803.
- ^ Lambert, Max R.; Tran, Tien; Kilian, Andrzej; Ezaz, Tariq; Skelly, David K. (2019-02-08). "Molecular evidence for sex reversal in wild populations of green frogs (Rana clamitans)". PeerJ. 7: e6449. doi:10.7717/peerj.6449. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6369831.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Gallipeau, Sherrie; Stueve, Theresa; Buchholz, Daniel; Chan, Elton; Adame, Lillian; Brown, Travis; Park, Andrew; Nazir, Mariam; Narayan, Anne (2010-03-09). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (10): 4612–4617. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2842049. PMID 20194757.