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Article Evaluation- Greenhouse Gas Monitoring

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The Wiki article for Greenhouse Gas Monitoring is well written and relevant to the topic, however there is a lot of information missing. Some information that is missing includes a more in-depth description of the topic, and a discussion of how Greenhouse gasses are monitored. Statistics of greenhouse gas monitoring throughout the years would also improve this article. The article includes many helpful links to other Wiki articles throughout its single paragraph.

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Greenhouse gas monitoring

Greenhouse gas monitoring is the direct measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and levels. There are several different methods of measuring gas concentrations in the atmosphere, including infrared analyzing and manometry. These methods are used in networks of ground stations such as the Integrated Carbon Observation System as well as in satellite monitoring such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory.

Methodology

Carbon dioxide monitoring

Manometry

Manometry is a key measurement tool for atmospheric carbon dioxide by first measuring the volume, temperature, and pressure of a particular amount of dry air. The air sample is dried by passing it through multiple dry ice traps and then collecting it in a 5L vessel. The temperature is taken via a thermometer and pressure is calculated using manometry. Then, liquid nitrogen is added, causing the carbon dioxide to condense and become measurable by volume. The ideal gas law is in error by 0.3% in these pressure conditions.

IR gas analyzer

The infrared analyzers operated on Mauna Loa and at Scripps between 1858 and 2006 by pumping an unknown sample of dry air through a 40cm long cell while a reference cell contained dry, carbon dioxide-free air. Then, a glowing nichrome filament radiates Broadband IR radiation which splits into two beams and passes through the gas cells. Carbon dioxide absorbs some of the radiation, allowing more radiation that passes through the reference cell to reach the detector than radiation passing through the sample cell. Results are shown on a strip chart recorder and then the amount of carbon dioxide in the sample is found by comparing the results with those of a calibration gas with known carbon dioxide content.

Titrimetry

Titrimetry is another method of measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide that was first used by a Scandinavian group at 15 different ground stations. They began passing a 100.0 mL air sample through a solution of barium hydroxide containing cresolphthalein indicator.

Methane gas monitoring

Differential absorption lidar (DIAL)

Range-resolved infrared differential absorption lidar is a means of measuring methane emissions from various sources, including active and closed landfill cites. The DIAL takes vertical scans above methane sources and then spatially separates the scans to accurately measure the methane emissions from individual sources. Measuring methane emissions is a crucial aspect of climate change research, as methane is among the most impactful gaseous hydrocarbon species.

Nitrous oxide monitoring

Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)

Nitrous oxide is one of the most prominent anthropogenic ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere. It is released into the atmosphere primarily through natural sources such as soil and rock, as well as anthropogenic process like farming. Atmospheric nitrous oxide is also created in the atmosphere as a product of a reaction between nitrogen and electronically excited ozone in the lower thermosphere.

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐Fourier Transform Spectrometer(ACE-FTS) is a tool used for calculating nitrous oxide concentrations in the upper to lower troposphere. This instrument, which is attached to the Canadian satellite SCISAT, has shown that nitrous oxide is present throughout the entire atmosphere during all seasons, primarily due to energetic particle precipitation. Measurements taken by the instrument show that different reactions create nitrous oxide in the lower thermosphere than in the mid to upper mesosphere. The ACE-FTS is a crucial resource in predicting future ozone depletion in the upper stratosphere by comparing the different ways in which nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere.

Satellite monitoring

Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory was first launched in February of 2009 but was lost in the launch. The Satellite was sent out again in 2014, this time called the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with an estimated lifespan of about two years. The apparatus uses spectrometers to take 24 measurements a second of carbon dioxide concentrations in earth's atmosphere. The measurements taken by OCO-2 can be used for global atmospheric models and will allow scientists to locate carbon sources when its data is paired with wind patterns. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3 is ready to be launched in 2018 and will stands alone on the International Space Station (ISS).

Greenhouse gases absorbing satellite (GOSAT)

Satellite observation provides accurate readings of carbon dioxide and methane gas concentrations for short-term and long-term purposes in order to detect changes over time. The goals of this satellite, released in January of 2009, is to monitor both carbon dioxide and methane gas in the atmosphere, and to identify their sources. GOSAT is a project of three main entities: the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Ministry of the Environment (MOE), and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES).

Ground Stations

Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)

The integrated Carbon Observation System was established in October 2015 in Helsinki, Finland as a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC). The main task of ICOS is to establish an Integrated Carbon Observation System Research Infrastructure (ICOS RI) that facilitates research on greenhouse gas emissions, sinks, and their causes. The ICOS ERIC strives to link its own research with other greenhouse gas emissions research to produce coherent data products and to promote education and innovation.

Sources

Harris, Daniel C. (2010). Analytical Chemistry. 82 (19): 7865-7870. doi:10.1021/ac1001492.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/ipdf/10.1021/ac1001492

Čuček, Lidija; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír; Kravanjab, Zdravko (2012). Journal of Cleaner Production. 34(1): 9-20. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.036.

url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032199000118

Hamazaki, Takashi; Kuze, Akihiko; Nakajima, Masakatsu; Suto, Hiroshi (2009). Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring. 48(35): 6716-6733). 10.1364/AO.48.006716.

url:https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/fulltext.cfm?uri=ao-48-35-6716&id=190794

Philips, Vr.; Lee, Ds.; Scholtens, R.; Garland, Ja.; Sneath, RW (2001). Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 78(1): 1-14. 10.1006/jaer.2000.0618.

url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021863400906188