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MdWikiBot/Methamphetamine
An image of the methamphetamine compound
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/
Trade namesDesoxyn, Methedrine, others
Other namesN-methylamphetamine, N,α-dimethylphenethylamine, desoxyephedrine
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Dependence
liability		Physical: None; Psychological: High
Addiction
liability		High
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAmphetamine
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityBy mouth: 70%[1]
IV: 100%[1]
Protein bindingVaries widely[2]
MetabolismCYP2D6[3] and FMO3
Onset of actionRapid[4]
Elimination half-life5–30 hours
Duration of action10–20 hours[4]
ExcretionPrimarily kidney
Identifiers
  • (RS)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC10H15N
Molar mass149.24 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
Melting point170 °C (338 °F) [5]
Boiling point212 °C (414 °F) at 760 mmHg[5]
  • CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1
  • InChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Methamphetamine[note 1] is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity.[9][6] Use for obesity is no longer recommended.[10] When taken by mouth effects begin within 30 minutes and may last for up to 24 hours.[10][6]

Common side effects include high blood pressure, palpitations, elevate mood, trouble sleeping, tremor, diarrhea, and sexual dysfunction.[10] Other side effects may include psychosis, mania, seizures, high body temperature, and tics.[10][11] There is a high risk abuse; though deaths directly from use is rare.[10][6] Use during pregnancy may harm the baby and breastfeeding following using is not recommended.[10][12] It is in the amphetamine family of medication.[10]

Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and first manufactured in 1919.[13][6] It is most commonly made in illegal facilities in the United States and Far East.[6] Recreationally it may be swallowed, snorted, injected, or smoked.[6] It is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance.[6] The production, distribution, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or banned in many countries.[14] In Europe it costs about 17 to 64 Euro per gram for an illegal supply as of 2018.[15] About 27 million people used amphetamines, most methamphetamine, in 2019.[16]

References

[change | change source]
  1. 1 2 Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D (2015). "The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 64: 231–6. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013. PMID 25724762. In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013).
  2. ↑ "Toxicity". Methamphetamine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2021-10-25. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Sellers EM, Tyndale RF (2000). "Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 909 (1): 233–246. Bibcode:2000NYASA.909..233S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x. PMID 10911933. S2CID 27787938. Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine.
  4. 1 2 Riviello RJ (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  5. 1 2 "Chemical and Physical Properties". Methamphetamine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2021-10-25. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Methamphetamine". Drug profiles. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018. The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.
  7. ↑ "Identification". Methamphetamine. University of Alberta. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2021. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ "Methedrine (methamphetamine hydrochloride): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment". Addictionlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  9. ↑ Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X (March 2015). "Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology". Behav. Neurol. 2015: 103969. doi:10.1155/2015/103969. PMC 4377385. PMID 25861156. In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  11. ↑ "Methamphetamine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "Methamphetamine". Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). National Library of Medicine (US). 2006. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  13. ↑ Mack, Avram H.; Brady, Kathleen T.; Frances, Richard J.; Miller, Sheldon I. (12 May 2016). Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition. Guilford Publications. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4625-2169-2. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  14. ↑ Lilley, Linda Lane; Collins, Shelly Rainforth; Snyder, Julie S. (20 January 2017). Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-77172-022-9. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  15. ↑ "Infographic: amphetamine, methamphetamine, seizures, price, purity in the EU, 2018 | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  16. ↑ World Drug Report 2021 (PDF). United Nations. 2021. ISBN 9789211483611. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  1. ↑ Synonyms and brands include: N-methylamphetamine, desoxyephedrine, Syndrox, Methedrine, and Desoxyn.[6][7][8] Slang terms include: speed, crank, meth, crystal meth, pervitin, yaba, and shabu
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