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The biodiversity of Kahurangi National Park is unusual, with a high rate of endemism. A metaphor used in describing the park is that it is a "tectonic ark" that separated from Gondwana around 80 million years ago.[1]: 21  There is a particularly high rate of endemism for both flora and fauna, with many notable species that are not found elsewhere. The high level of endemism has arisen as a result of complex biogeographic processes, and indicates that during the Pleistocene ice ages, the area was an important refuge.[2]: 26 

Flora

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Dracophyllum traversii in the park

The complex geology and landforms have allowed unique plant communities to develop in localised environments, leading to a high rate of endemism.[1]: 21  The park has exceptional botanical diversity. New Zealand has around 2,400 species of native plants, and over half of these are found in the park, including 67 that are endemic – found nowhere else. The range of species present in the park far exceeds the diversity of native plants in any other New Zealand National Park. Further, Kahurangi National Park has 80% of all New Zealand's alpine species.[3]: 147 [1]: 19 

Notable plants that are endemic to Kahurangi National Park or the immediately adjacent region include:[1]: 13–14 [4][5]

Fauna

[edit]
A kererū in Flora Valley (2006)

The fauna of the park includes around 18 endemic bird species including some classified as endangered such as the rock wren, kea, blue duck (whio), and species such as the great spotted kiwi and kākā (both classified as vulnerable). Other native birds that can be found in the park include pipit, kererū, the New Zealand falcon, weka, robin, fantail, bellbird, grey warbler, tūī, tomtit, rifleman, fernbird and brown creeper. In addition to the whio, freshwater birds that are found in wetlands and waterways in the park include the Australasian bittern (classified as vulnerable), and the New Zealand scaup.[41][42]: 26  [3]: 147 

The park is also a key habitat for Powelliphanta, a group of carnivorous native land snails. Of the 64 known species of Powelliphanta, 29 are endemic — found only in Kahurangi National Park.[42]: 27 

Both of New Zealand's only native land mammals, the short-tailed bat (pekapeka) and the long-tailed bat (pekapeka tou-roa) have been identified in the park.[42]: 26  A new species of skink, Oligosoma kahurangi was identified in 2021. It was found in slate scree in montane tussock grassland. It has been classified as Threatened − Nationally Critical.[43]

There is a wide diversity of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates in the park, and many of these are endemic, such as the Mount Arthur giant wētā.[42]: 26  The extensive areas of karst and multiple cave systems within the park provided habitat for cave dwelling species. One notable example is the Nelson cave spider Spelungula, a monotypic genus of large-clawed spiders that has only been found in caves in the northwestern part of the South Island.[42]: 27 

A new species of flightless cricket was discovered in the park in 2023.[44] The snail Cytora kahurangi was named after the park.[45]

Opacuincola gretathunbergae, a species of freshwater snail that was discovered in the park in 2016 was named after the activist Greta Thunberg.[46][47]


References

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  1. ^ a b c d Gerard Hindmarsh (2010). Kahurangi Calling. Nelson: Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-1-877517-19-8. LCCN 2010497704. OCLC 551672360. OL 24499841M. Wikidata Q124288727.
  2. ^ "Kahurangi National Park Management Plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b Salisbury, Ray (2020). Tableland: the history behind Mt Arthur, Kahurangi National Park. Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-1-98-855022-0. Wikidata Q124260081.
  4. ^ Toy, Sandy (1 August 2016). Biodiversity treasures of the Flora: A stocktake of the ecological values of the Salisbury Ecological Management Unit and the threats they face (Report).
  5. ^ Williams, Peter Arthur (1998). "The flora endemic to western Nelson". New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter. 53: 9–13.
  6. ^ Williams, P. A. (1 January 1993). "The subalpine and alpine vegetation on the Central Sedimentary Belt of Paleozoic rocks in north-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 31 (1): 65–90. Bibcode:1993NZJB...31...65W. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1993.10419535.
  7. ^ Comte, J. R. Le (1979). "Aciphylla trifoliolata rediscovered". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 17 (2): 219–220. Bibcode:1979NZJB...17..219L. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1979.10426891. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  8. ^ "Brachyglottis hectorii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  9. ^ Moore, Lucy Beatrice (1964). "The New Zealand Species of Bulbinella (Liliaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2 (3): 286–304. Bibcode:1964NZJB....2..286M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1964.10443948.
  10. ^ a b Ford, K. A. (Dec 2007). "Carex (Cyperaceae)—two new species from the calcareous mountains of North-West Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 45 (4): 721–730. Bibcode:2007NZJB...45..721F. doi:10.1080/00288250709509747.
  11. ^ Heenan, P. B.; Lange, P. J. de (1997). "Carex dolomitica (Cyperaceae), a new and rare species from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35 (4): 423–428. Bibcode:1997NZJB...35..423H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410166.
  12. ^ Ford, Kerry (December 1998). "Carex impexa (Cyperaceae), a newly described sedge from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 36 (4): 587–592. Bibcode:1998NZJB...36..587F. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512596.
  13. ^ "Celmisia dallii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  14. ^ Given, David R. (1980). "A taxonomic revision of Celmisia coriacea (Forst.f.) Hook.f. and its immediate allies (Astereae-Compositae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 18 (1): 127–140. Bibcode:1980NZJB...18..127G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427239.
  15. ^ "Celmisia gibbsii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  16. ^ "Celmisia parva". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  17. ^ Saldivia, Patricio; Nicol, Duncan Alastair (2023). "An overview of Celmisiinae (Astereae): A diverse endemic Australasian lineage". Capitulum. 3 (1). doi:10.53875/CAPITULUM.03.1.01.
  18. ^ Given, David (1969). "Taxonomic notes on the genus Celmisia (Compositae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 7 (4): 389–399. Bibcode:1969NZJB....7..389.. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1969.10428853.
  19. ^ Sneddon, Barry (1 September 1975). "A New Clematis From North-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 13 (3): 557–565. Bibcode:1975NZJB...13..557S. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1975.10430342.
  20. ^ Sneddon, Barry (1999). "The taxonomy and breeding system of Colobanthus squarrosus (Caryophyllaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (2): 195–204. Bibcode:1999NZJB...37..195S. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512627.
  21. ^ Moore, Lucy Beatrice; Mason, Ruth (1 March 1974). "Coprosma talbrockiei sp. nov. and allied creeping species (Rubiaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 12 (1): 137–148. Bibcode:1974NZJB...12..137M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1974.10428630. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  22. ^ a b Venter, Fanie (March 2002). "Dracophyllum marmoricola and Dracophyllum ophioliticum (Ericaceae), two new species from north-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40 (1): 39–47. Bibcode:2002NZJB...40...39V. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512769.
  23. ^ Brockie, W. B. (March 1965). "A new species of Epilobium". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 3 (1): 24–26. Bibcode:1965NZJB....3...24B. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1965.10428710. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  24. ^ Glenny, David (2009). "A revision of the genus Forsterna (Stylidiaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 47 (3): 285–315. Bibcode:2009NZJB...47..285G. doi:10.1080/00288250909509811.
  25. ^ a b c Glenny, David (August 2004). "A revision of the genus Gentianella in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 42 (3): 361–530. Bibcode:2004NZJB...42..361G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512910.
  26. ^ Glenny, David (2004). "A revision of the genus Gentianella in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 42 (3): 361–530. Bibcode:2004NZJB...42..361G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512910.
  27. ^ Lloyd, David (1972). "A revision of the New Zealand, Subantarctic, and South American species of Cotula, Section Leptinella". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 10 (2): 277–372. Bibcode:1972NZJB...10..277L. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1972.10429156.
  28. ^ Heenan, Peter Brian (June 1999). "A taxonomic revision of Neopaxia Ö.Nilss. (Portulacaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (2): 213–234. Bibcode:1999NZJB...37..213H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512629.
  29. ^ "Myosotis angustata". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  30. ^ Meudt, Heidi (January 2021). "Taxonomic revision of five species groups of ebracteate-erect Myosotis (Boraginaceae) endemic to New Zealand, based on morphology, and description of new subspecies". Australian Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 252–304. doi:10.1071/SB20028.
  31. ^ a b "Rare forget-me-nots discovered in the mountains of the South Island". Te Papa’s Blog. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  32. ^ Meudt, Heidi (1 January 2021). "Taxonomic revision of five species groups of ebracteate-erect Myosotis (Boraginaceae) endemic to New Zealand, based on morphology, and description of new subspecies". Australian Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 252–304. doi:10.1071/SB20028.
  33. ^ "Pittosporum dallii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  34. ^ Orchard, A. E.; Davies, J. B. (January 1985). "Oreoporanthera, a New Zealand "endemic" plant genus discovered in Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 119: 61–63. doi:10.26749/RSTPP.119.61.
  35. ^ "Pseudowintera traversii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  36. ^ "Ranunculus mirus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  37. ^ Liew, Chia-Sin; Courtney, Shannel P.; Lange, Peter de; Pelser, Pieter B. (14 January 2021). "Taxonomic realignment of Senecio glaucophyllus (Asteraceae; Senecioneae) necessitates a new name for a widespread New Zealand species". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 59 (3): 376–396. Bibcode:2021NZJB...59..376L. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2020.1866030.
  38. ^ a b c Garnock-Jones, Philip John (6 December 2023). "Fascicle 9. Veronica". Flora of New Zealand – Seed Plants. doi:10.7931/B1CC7W.
  39. ^ Bayly, Michael James; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Mitchell, Kevin A.; Markham, Kenneth R.; Brownsey, Patrick (1 March 2001). "Description and flavonoid chemistry of Hebe calcicola (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from north-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 39 (1): 55–67. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39...55B. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512716.
  40. ^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Veronica ochracea". www.nzflora.info. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  41. ^ Miskelly, Colin (25 August 2023). "Birds of the Heaphy Track". Te Papa Tongarewa. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  42. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference DOCPlan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  43. ^ "Oligosoma kahurangi | NZHS". www.reptiles.org.nz. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  44. ^ Naish, Joanne (2 February 2023). "Surprising discovery of new native cricket found in Kahurangi National Park". Stuff. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  45. ^ Marshall, Bruce; Barker, Gary (1 June 2007). "A revision of New Zealand landsnails of the genus Cytora Kobelt & Mollendorff, 1897 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pupinidae)". Tuhinga. 18: 79. doi:10.3897/tuhinga.18.e34163. ISSN 2253-5861. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
  46. ^ "Newly Discovered Freshwater Snails Named after Public Figures". idw-online.de (in German). Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  47. ^ Verhaegen, Gerlien; Haase, Martin (18 January 2021). "All-inclusive descriptions of new freshwater snail taxa of the hyperdiverse family Tateidae (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda) from the South Island of New Zealand". European Journal of Taxonomy (731): 71–96. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1205. ISSN 2118-9773. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
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