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Different types of drugs

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There are many different categories for different types of drugs.  Some drugs are for recreational use and others are for therapeutic or medical uses. You can consume these drugs in many different ways such as injection, smoking, or digestion. Different types of drugs, the amount a user consumes, and individual biological factors  will vary the responses to sexual activity.[1]

Cannabis

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There have been studies about Cannabis and Sex. In general, studies have found that using cannabis may lead to erectile dysfunction.[2]

Alcohol

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Alcohol and sex are often joined together in today's society. Although they have different effects based on how much you consume, in general, it negatively effects sexual functioning and involved in higher sexual risk taking.[3][4]

MDMA

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MDMA(also known as Molly or Ecstasy) is used to alter mood and perception.[5] Ecstasy can make touching and physical closeness more enjoyable.[6] This drug may cause improved sexual experience.[2] Molly increases closeness with others and may result in an increased feeling of sensuality.  Most users experience enhancement of sex and sexual orgasms.[7] Even though the use of ecstasy may have positive side effects, MDMA is a synthetic substance that, like many other serotonergic drugs, usually impairs sexual functions[6]. A study conducted by Beck. J. Rosenbaum showed that chronic use of this drug leads to impaired erection and delayed orgasm.[8]

Molly users also have higher levels of sexual-risk taking and high risk sexual behaviors such as condomless sex and casual sex[9]. Men who have sex with men (MSM) that use ecstasy before engaging in sex report having twice as much condomless anal sex with a casual partner than those who do not use ecstasy.[7] MDMA users tend to have higher levels of overall sexual risk‐taking when compared to alcohol users.  They also tend to have lower age for when they engage in their first sexual activity.[10]

Antidepressants

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Psychiatrists and doctors prescribe multiple different types of antidepressants to patients. Each has slightly different effects on sexual functioning.  SSRIs, SNRIs, and NDRIs are the most common types of antidepressants.[11] These antidepressants are associated with decreased sexual dysfunction including decreased libido, arousal difficulty and delayed ejaculation in men.[12] It was also found that it can delayed/decrease orgasms and cause women to have breast enlargement.[13]

The side effects on sexual functioning can impact a mental health and quality of life.[13] However , there is a tradeoff that may be worth it for some people. They can be managed by changing the dose, switching drugs, or taking “antidotes”[14]. Maca, a plant that grows in central Peru , aids with  sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant drugs for women. There are specific Maca products that can also increase sexual desire in men.[15]

Opioids

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Opioids(also known as narcotics) have long been known to inhibit sexual behavior.[16]  There is currently no clear research and evidence on how opioids influence sexual functions in short-term use.  However, there has been a lot of research about prolonged use and addiction. Long-term opioid use can lead to decreased libido, delayed or absent ejaculation, and vaginismus.[17] Heroin(illicit opioid drug) and other norcotics reduce sexual interest and decreases the sex hormone levels in humans.[18] All of these studies specified this was shown in chronic users.

Amphetamines

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Amphetamines are stimulants that block the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. In small doses, these drugs can  cause a delayed orgasms or increase sexual desire. Prolonged use may lead to “crystal dick”, which is erectile dysfunctions in men.[2]

Cocaine

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Cocaine is an addictive stimulant that comes from a plant in South America. Users who first start using the drug may experience an increase in sexual arousal and improved erectile function. However, prolonged use of Cocaine may decrease sexual desire and hurt erectile functioning.[2]

Cocaine is tied with “higher-than-usual” rates of impulsive behavior.[19]  These behaviors extend to sexual risks. Cocaine increases sexual desire and increases “sexual impatience” so users are less likely to wait for a condom which in-turn makes them have a greater risk of STIs,HIV, and unprotected sex.[19][20]

Prescription drugs

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In 2017, about 18 million people reported having misused prescription drugs at least once in the past year.[21] Young adults who misused Prescription Opioid in NYC reported having  unprotected sex and increased sexual violence.  They had a high risk for HIV and HCV transmission.[22]

Another study looked at  MSM(Men who have Sex with Men) due to the high rates of PD misuse among the group.[23] They found that MSM who had misused prescription drugs tended to have  higher odds of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse(UAI) and a higher number of serodiscordant partners compared to others who did not recently misuse prescription drugs.[23]

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Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a sexual act where a victim is intoxicated with alcohol or administered drugs which makes them unable to give consent.[24] One type of DFSA is opportunistic, which means the victim voluntarily consumes alcohol or self-administers other drugs.  Another common type of DFSA is called predatory or proactive DFSA, which means the predator administers the drug. Many predators use date rape drugs.[24][25] The most commonly used date rape drugs are alcohol and GBH. There have also been cases with other drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine.[25]

Sexual risk-taking

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The association between drug use and sexual risk taking is a complicated one.  There has been multiple research that conclude that drug or alcohol use is associated with unsafe sexual behaviors but there needs to be more to understand this dynamic relationship.[26]  A nationwide survey supported the decreased likelihood of condom use in those who used substances.[27] When it comes to studies, we must be careful because there are two main obstacles that may affect all the research that has been done.  The first is how the research is being conducted. The second is the world wide belief that drugs are associated with disapproved behavior.

References

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  1. ^ "drug use | Recreational Drug Use, Drug Abuse, & Psychotropic Drugs". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
  2. ^ a b c d Ghadigaonkar, Deepak S.; Murthy, Pratima (2019-04-01). "Sexual Dysfunction in Persons With Substance Use Disorders". Journal of Psychosexual Health. 1 (2): 117–121. doi:10.1177/2631831819849365. ISSN 2631-8318.
  3. ^ Cheng, J Y W; Ng, E M L; Chen, R Y L; Ko, J S N (2007-05-31). "Alcohol consumption and erectile dysfunction: meta-analysis of population-based studies". International Journal of Impotence Research. 19 (4): 343–352. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901556. ISSN 0955-9930.
  4. ^ Romer, Dr. Daniel. (2003). Reducing Adolescent Risk : Toward an Integrated Approach. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781452264462. OCLC 809772621.
  5. ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". www.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  6. ^ a b Schmid, Yasmin; Hysek, Cédric M.; Preller, Katrin H.; Bosch, Oliver G.; Bilderbeck, Amy C.; Rogers, Robert D.; Quednow, Boris B.; Liechti, Matthias E. (January 2015). "Effects of methylphenidate and MDMA on appraisal of erotic stimuli and intimate relationships". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.020. ISSN 0924-977X.
  7. ^ a b Sumnall, Harry R.; Cole, Jon C.; Jerome, Lisa (2006). "The varieties of ecstatic experience: an exploration of the subjective experiences of ecstasy". Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 20 (5): 670–682. doi:10.1177/0269881106060764. ISSN 0269-8811. PMID 16401654.
  8. ^ Ghadigaonkar DS, Murthy P (2019-04-01). "Sexual Dysfunction in Persons With Substance Use Disorders". Journal of Psychosexual Health. 1 (2): 117–121. doi:10.1177/2631831819849365.
  9. ^ Palamar, Joseph J.; Griffin-Tomas, Marybec; Acosta, Patricia; Ompad, Danielle C.; Cleland, Charles M. (2018). "A comparison of self-reported sexual effects of alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy in a sample of young adult nightlife attendees". Psychology and sexuality. 9 (1): 54–68. doi:10.1080/19419899.2018.1425220. ISSN 1941-9899. PMC 5801767. PMID 29430277.
  10. ^ May, Aimee L.; Parrott, Andrew C. (2015). "Greater sexual risk-taking in female and male recreational MDMA/ecstasy users compared with alcohol drinkers: a questionnaire study". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 30 (4): 272–275. doi:10.1002/hup.2432. ISSN 1099-1077.
  11. ^ "How Different Antidepressants Work". WebMD. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  12. ^ Olivier, Jocelien D. A.; Olivier, Berend (2019-09-01). "Antidepressants and Sexual Dysfunctions: a Translational Perspective". Current Sexual Health Reports. 11 (3): 156–166. doi:10.1007/s11930-019-00205-y. ISSN 1548-3592.
  13. ^ a b Higgins, Agnes; Nash, Michael; Lynch, Aileen M (2010-09-09). "Antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction: impact, effects, and treatment". Drug, healthcare and patient safety. 2: 141–150. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S7634. ISSN 1179-1365. PMC 3108697. PMID 21701626.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ "Sex and antidepressants: When to switch drugs or try an antidote". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  15. ^ "Maca: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning". www.webmd.com. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  16. ^ Pfaus, James G.; Gorzalka, Boris B. (1987-03-01). "Opioids and sexual behavior". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 11 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80002-7. ISSN 0149-7634.
  17. ^ Gulliford, Sandra M. (1998-01-01). "Opioid-Induced Sexual Dysfunction". Journal of Pharmaceutical Care in Pain & Symptom Control. 6 (2): 67–74. doi:10.1300/J088v06n02_05. ISSN 1056-4950.
  18. ^ Gulliford, Sandra M. (1998-01-01). "Opioid-Induced Sexual Dysfunction". Journal of Pharmaceutical Care in Pain & Symptom Control. 6 (2): 67–74. doi:10.1300/J088v06n02_05. ISSN 1056-4950.
  19. ^ a b "Study Affirms That Cocaine Makes Users More Likely To Risk Unsafe Sex - 02/02/2017". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  20. ^ Johnson, Matthew W.; Herrmann, Evan S.; Sweeney, Mary M.; LeComte, Robert S.; Johnson, Patrick S. (2017-02-01). "Cocaine administration dose-dependently increases sexual desire and decreases condom use likelihood: The role of delay and probability discounting in connecting cocaine with HIV". Psychopharmacology. 234 (4): 599–612. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4493-5. ISSN 1432-2072. PMC 5343757. PMID 27921140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  21. ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "What is the scope of prescription drug misuse?". www.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  22. ^ Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro; Guarino, Honoria; Jessell, Lauren; Teper, Anastasia (2015-01-01). "Injection and sexual HIV/HCV risk behaviors associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids among young adults in New York City". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. JSAT Special issue on Prescription Drug Abuse. 48 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.002. ISSN 0740-5472.
  23. ^ a b Kelly, Brian C.; Parsons, Jeffrey T. (2013-03-01). "Prescription Drug Misuse and Sexual Risk Taking Among HIV-Negative MSM". AIDS and Behavior. 17 (3): 926–930. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9993-z. ISSN 1573-3254.
  24. ^ a b Teunissen, Doreth; Moors, Marie Louise; Boerrigter, Emmy; Lagro-Janssen, Toine (2019-01-31). "[Drug-facilitated sexual assault; frequently used substances, symptoms and toxicological investigation]". Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde. 163. ISSN 1876-8784. PMID 30730679.
  25. ^ a b Grela, Agatha; Gautam, Lata; Cole, Michael D. (November 2018). "A multifactorial critical appraisal of substances found in drug facilitated sexual assault cases". Forensic Science International. 292: 50–60. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.034. ISSN 1872-6283. PMID 30292936.
  26. ^ Leigh, Barbara C.; Stall, Ron (1993). "Substance use and risky sexual behavior for exposure to HIV: Issues in methodology, interpretation, and prevention". The American psychologist. 48 (10): 1035–1045. ISSN 0003-066X. PMC 2585544. PMID 8256876.
  27. ^ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
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