User:Llj2/Epidemiology of autism
 | This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Article Draft
[edit]Geographical Frequency
[edit]United States
[edit]According to a report by the CDC in 2020, 1 in 36 children have ASD (27.6 in every 1,000).[1] The number of diagnosed cases of autism grew dramatically in the U.S. in the 1990s and have continued in the 2000s. For the 2006 surveillance year, identified ASD cases were an estimated 9.0 per 1000 children aged 8 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.6–9.3).[2] These numbers measure what is sometimes called "administrative prevalence", that is, the number of known cases per unit of population, as opposed to the true number of cases.[3] This prevalence estimate rose 57% (95% CI 27%–95%) from 2002 to 2006.[2]
Changes with time (my addition- underlined headings)
[edit]COVID-19
[edit]The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the current number of diagnoses. More assessments for ASD occurred among 4-year-olds than the current 8-year-olds when they were 4 years of age prior to the pandemic[4]. After the pandemic, the rate of current assessments has dropped, leading to possible delayed identification of ASD.
Causative Factors
[edit]Vaccines and Autism
[edit]A common misconception is that vaccinations are the cause of children developing ASD. This is partly due to the concern of a former ingredient called thimerosal, which is a substance that contains mercury.[5] Scientific literature demonstrates that there is no causal link between thimerosal and ASD. Though the ingredient is not as prevalent in vaccines anymore, there is still concern about the link between autism and vaccinations, but there is no evidence to support this notion.
Environmental Chemical Exposure
[edit]One theory behind autism is exposure to environmental chemicals before the age of two months[6]. Human studies have mainly focused on particulate matter or mercury. Other studies investigated the effects of pollutants in the air or lead. Additionally, studies involving rodent animal models also investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos. Research suggests that environmental chemicals can be targeted and impacted by pollutants.[6][7] Some systemic reviews have indicated that while significant correlations between mercury exposure and autism have been found, more research is needed.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sex and Gender Differences
[edit]Other Findings
[edit]There exists behavioral differences and differences in brain structures between males and females with autism. Females often either mask their symptoms more (called camoflaging) or need to display more prominent symptoms to receive a diagnosis[8][9][10]. Males tend to demonstrate common symptoms of autism such as repetitive and restricted behaviors more so than females. This difference is hypothesized to be part of why females are more likely to be underdiagnosed.
Differences in brain structures also exist between males versus females with autism. There are known differences between male and female brain structures in neurotypical individuals; however, among those with autism, there exists a separate set of difference between biological males and females.[11] It was found that the patterns of gray matter in regions of the brain relating to motor function can distinguish males with autism from females with autism. (results from their own research at Stanford- remove bc cannot trace?)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Related Brain Structures
[edit]Key symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are impaired social and communication abilities and having a narrow scope of interest and repeated behaviors.[12] An impairment of language used to be a key diagnostic factor, but research has lead to categorizing this symptom as a specifier. One scoping review has determined multiple brain structures that appear to play a role in language related symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. For example, having a larger sized right inferior frontal gyrus is correlated with those diagnosed with autism, specifically categorized in the language impairment subgroup (but not in those without)[12][13]. Some research yields conflicting results however related to different structures and total language scores, in which a possible factor for this could be age.
As for temporal regions, increased rightward radial diffusivity might have an association with receptive language scores[12][14]. Research concerning the planum temporale and its role in language has been inconclusive.[12] The cerebellum may also be a factor in whether a person has language impairment or not.[15][13]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Biomarkers
[edit]https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1269880/full
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989979/
There are no known methods of diagnosing ASD such as blood tests (ncbi). Yet there are different biomarkers that professionals can look for. These can be determined as early as the prenatal stages or during the pre-symptomatic period.
It appears that different kinds of auditory stimuli can change the amplitude
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Talk page edit suggestion: Referenced in Hong Kong yet not on the article
[edit]Australia
[edit]Approximately 1 in 100 people in Australia have been reported to have autism[16].
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Updated stats- my change in bold
Frequency estimates[edit]
[edit]Estimates of the prevalence of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. Most recent reviews tend to estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 27.6 per 1,000 for ASD[1]; PDD-NOS is the vast majority of ASD, Asperger syndrome is about 0.3 per 1,000 and the atypical forms childhood disintegrative disorder and Rett syndrome are much rarer.
**aspergers? cannot find
Canada[edit]
[edit]The Canadian government reported in 2019 that 1 in 50 children were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.[17]. However, preliminary results of an epidemiological study conducted at Montreal Children's Hospital in the 200–2004 school year found a prevalence rate of 0.68% (or 1 per 147). <-- not relevant, cannot find equivalent (asked about on talk page).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Symptom Management
[edit]Much research centered around those with ASD that have impaired communication and seeking improvement in social interaction often investigate the use of psychosocial interventions.[18] However, other research looks to pharmacology for treatment. Therapy is also a common treatment that appears most impactful when treatment begins while they are younger(cite https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989979/) (changed directly on article). Overall however, treatment options are still in development.
References
[edit]- ^ a b CDC (2024-01-10). "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ a b "Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries. 58 (10): 1–20. December 2009. PMID 20023608.
- ^ Shattuck PT (April 2006). "The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education". Pediatrics. 117 (4): 1028–37. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1516. PMID 16585296. S2CID 26733990.
- Lay summary in: Devitt, Terry. "Data provides misleading picture of autism". News.wisc.edu. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ CDC (2023-03-23). "Key Findings from the ADDM Network". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ "Autism and Vaccines | Vaccine Safety | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ a b Pelch, Katherine E.; Bolden, Ashley L.; Kwiatkowski, Carol F. (2019-04). "Environmental Chemicals and Autism: A Scoping Review of the Human and Animal Research". Environmental Health Perspectives. 127 (4). doi:10.1289/EHP4386. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 6785231. PMID 30942615.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Carter, C. J.; Blizard, R. A. (2016-10-27). "Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products". Neurochemistry International: S0197–0186(16)30197–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011. ISSN 1872-9754. PMID 27984170.
- ^ Shuck R. K., Flores, R. E., & Fung, L. K. (June 2019). "Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Symptomology and Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder". J Autism Dev Disord. 49 (6): 2597–2604 – via NIH National Library of Medicine.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kirkovski, Melissa; Enticott, Peter G.; Fitzgerald, Paul B. (2013-11). "A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 43 (11): 2584–2603. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 23525974.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kreiser, Nicole L.; White, Susan W. (2014-03). "ASD in females: are we overstating the gender difference in diagnosis?". Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 17 (1): 67–84. doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0148-9. ISSN 1573-2827. PMID 23836119.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ digitale@stanford.edu, <img src='https://med stanford edu/news/media-contacts/erin_digitale/_jcr_content/image img 620 high jpg/digitale-erin-90 jpg' alt='Erin Digitale'> Erin Digitale Erin Digitale is a senior science writer in the Office of Communications Email her at (2014-07-29). "Girls and boys with autism differ in behavior, brain structure". News Center (in Samoan). Retrieved 2024-03-12.
{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Cermak, Carly A.; Arshinoff, Spencer; Ribeiro de Oliveira, Leticia; Tendera, Anna; Beal, Deryk S.; Brian, Jessica; Anagnostou, Evdokia; Sanjeevan, Teenu (2022-02-01). "Brain and Language Associations in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 52 (2): 725–737. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04975-0. ISSN 1573-3432.
- ^ a b De Fossé, Lies; Hodge, Steven M.; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; McGrath, Lauren; Steele, Shelley; Ziegler, David A.; Herbert, Martha R.; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J. (2004-12). "Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment". Annals of Neurology. 56 (6): 757–766. doi:10.1002/ana.20275. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 15478219.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Lange, Nicholas; DuBray, Molly B.; Lee, Jee Eun; Froimowitz, Michael P.; Froehlich, Alyson; Adluru, Nagesh; Wright, Brad; Ravichandran, Caitlin; Fletcher, P. Thomas; Bigler, Erin D.; Alexander, Andrew L.; Lainhart, Janet E. (2010-12). "Atypical diffusion tensor hemispheric asymmetry in autism". Autism Research. 3 (6): 350–358. doi:10.1002/aur.162. ISSN 1939-3792. PMC 3215255. PMID 21182212.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Hodge, Steven M.; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; Howard, James; McGrath, Lauren; Steele, Shelly; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J. (2010-03). "Cerebellum, language, and cognition in autism and specific language impairment". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 40 (3): 300–316. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0872-7. ISSN 1573-3432. PMC 3771698. PMID 19924522.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "What is Autism?". Autism Association of Western Australia. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Canada, Public Health Agency of (2022-02-03). "Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Ameis, S. H.; Kassee, C.; Corbett‐Dick, P.; Cole, L.; Dadhwal, S.; Lai, M.‐C.; Veenstra‐VanderWeele, J.; Correll, C. U. (2018-11). "Systematic review and guide to management of core and psychiatric symptoms in youth with autism". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 138 (5): 379–400. doi:10.1111/acps.12918. ISSN 0001-690X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)