User:JuneAugust/第一次世界大战沉没的医院船列表
外观

第一次世界大战期间,许多医疗船遭到袭击,有些是蓄意攻击,有些则是误认所致。它们或被鱼雷击沉,或触水雷,或遭水面炮火攻击。这些船只极易成为目标,因其运载着从前线撤离的数百名伤兵。
背景
[编辑]医院船(HS)是指定以医疗设施或医院为主要功能的船只;大多数由世界各国军队或海军运营,因其旨在战区或附近使用[1]。医院船受1907年《海牙第十公约》保护[2]。《海牙第十公约》第四条概述了医院船的限制条件:
- 该船应向所有国籍的伤员提供医疗救助
- 船只不得用于任何军事用途
- 医院船不得干扰或妨碍敌方作战舰艇
- 《海牙公约》指定的交战国可搜查任何医院船以核查是否违反上述限制规定
若违反其中任何限制,该船可能被判定为敌方战斗舰艇并遭击沉。西班牙等中立国的调查员获准登船检查,以确认第四条未被违反。[3]
德意志帝国最高统帅部认为协约国医院船违反《海牙公约》,遂命令潜艇部队将其作为无限制潜艇战目标[4]。即便经中立国检查,德方仍指控医院船通过运送健全士兵赴战场违反第四条[4]。一战期间遭水雷或鱼雷击沉的最大医院船是“不列颠尼克”号——“奥林匹克”号的姊妹舰,也是厄运缠身的“泰坦尼克”号之孪生舰。该舰于1916年11月21日触雷沉没,造成30人遇难,其余船员乘客得以逃生[5]。而医院船沉没导致最惨重伤亡的当属“兰多弗里城堡”号。1918年6月27日,该船被德国“U-86”号潜艇发射的鱼雷击中。这艘潜艇随后浮出水面,用机枪扫射幸存者,最终仅24人获救[6]。战后U-86艇长赫尔穆特·帕齐希中尉及两名副官被控战争罪,于莱比锡审判受审,但帕齐希潜逃,两名被判监禁的副官亦越狱成功[7]。战争初期遭袭者非仅协约国,德国医院船“奥菲莉亚”号被英军作为间谍船扣押[8];临近战争结束的1918年10月29日,奥地利医院船“卡尔男爵”号亦遭鱼雷攻击但未沉没[9]。
医院船沉没
[编辑]Name | Image | Nationality | Date | Location of wreck | Cause | Lives lost | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HMHS Anglia | ![]() |
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1915年11月17日 | One mile east of Folkestone Gate | Struck mine that had been laid by German U-boat UC-5号潜艇 | 134 | [10] |
HMHS Asturias | ![]() |
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1917年3月20日 | 6 miles off Start Point | Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-66号潜艇 | 35 | |
HMHS Huntley | ![]() |
1915年12月21日 | 0.75英里(1.21公里) off the Boulogne LV. | Torpedoed by German U型潜艇 UB-10号潜艇 | 2 | [14] | |
不列颠号 | ![]() |
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1916年11月21日 | Aegean sea | Struck a mine laid by a German U-boat U-73号潜艇 (1915年) | 30 | [15] |
HMHS Dover Castle | ![]() |
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1917年5月26日 | Mediterranean Sea | Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-67号潜艇 | 7 | [16] |
SS Donegal | ![]() |
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1917年4月17日 | 19 miles south of the Dean lightship on passage Le Havre for Southampton 50°26′00″N 01°00′00″W / 50.43333°N 1.00000°W | Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-21号潜艇 | 40 | [17] |
HS Elektra | ![]() |
1916年3月18日 | Off Cape Planka | Torpedoed by French submarine Ampère. Out of service until early Sep 1916; returned to her owner 04 Dec 1916 | 2 | [20][21] | |
SS Galeka | ![]() |
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1916年10月28日 | French coast, near Le Havre 49°34′01″N 000°05′05″E / 49.56694°N 0.08472°E | Struck a mine laid by UC-26号潜艇 | 19 | [22] |
HMHS Glenart Castle | ![]() |
1918年2月26日 | Bristol Channel 51°07′00″N 005°03′00″W / 51.11667°N 5.05000°W | Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-56号潜艇 | 162 | [23] | |
HMHS Gloucester Castle | ![]() |
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1917年3月30日 | en route from Le Havre to Southampton[A 1] | Torpedoed by German U-boat U-32号潜艇 (1914年) | 3 | [24] |
HS Koningin Regentes | ![]() |
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1918年6月6日 | 21 miles East of Leman lightship | Torpedoed by German U-boat UB-107号潜艇 | 7 | |
HMHS Lanfranc | ![]() |
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1917年4月17日 | English Channel | Torpedoed by German U-boat UB-40号潜艇 | 40 | [27] |
HMHS Letitia (1912) | ![]() |
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1917年8月1日 | Portuguese Cove, Halifax Harbour | Grounded out due to a pilot error in heavy fog | 1 | [28] |
HMHS Llandovery Castle | ![]() |
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1918年6月27日 | off southern Ireland | Torpedoed by German U-boat U-86号潜艇 (1916年) | 234 | [30] |
HS Marechiaro | ![]() |
1916年2月21日 | Off Cape Laghi, Durazzo, Albania | Struck a mine laid by German U-boat UC-12号潜艇 | 33 | ||
SS Oceania (1907) | ![]() |
1918年10月4日 | Between Cape Rodoni and Durazzo | Mined and beached near Cape Rondoni, and on October 15, 1918 was blown up by the Austrians to avoid falling into Italian hands. | ? | [20][31] | |
SS Portugal (1886)(Португаль) | ![]() |
![]() (French crew, Russian medical staff) |
March 301916[儒略曆1916年3月17日] | Near Rize Province off the Turkish coast in the Black Sea | Torpedoed by German U-boat U-33号潜艇 (1914年) | 90 | [32] |
HMHS Rewa | ![]() |
1918年1月4日 | 13 miles off Hartland Point, UK | Torpedoed by German U-boat U-55号潜艇 (1916年) | 4 | [33] | |
SS Rohilla | ![]() |
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1914年10月30日 | Saltwick Nab, one mile south of Whitby | Struck Whitby Rock | 84 | [34] |
HMHS Salta | ![]() |
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1917年4月10日 | near Le Havre, France 49°32′08″N 00°02′18″W / 49.53556°N 0.03833°W | Struck a mine laid by German U-boat UC-26号潜艇 | 130 | [37] |
HS Tabora | ![]() |
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1916年3月26日 | Dar es Salaam harbour, East Africa | Sunk by gunfire from the British warships HMS Vengeance (1899) and HMS Challenger (1902) | ? | [38][39] |
SS Tirol | ![]() |
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1916年4月16日 | Off Durazzo | Mined. Returned to service 07 Oct 1916 | 40 | [20] |
Russian hospital ship Vpered (Вперёд) | ![]() |
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1916年7月8日 | In the Black Sea, between Batoum and the Rize Province off the Turkish coast | Torpedoed by German U-boat U-38号潜艇 (1914年) | 7 | [41][42][43] |
HMAT Warilda | ![]() |
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1918年8月3日 | English Channel | Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-49号潜艇 | 123 | [44] |


参见
[编辑]- 第二次世界大战沉没的医院船列表
笔记
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- ^ Hospital Ships. Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. 2009 [August 2, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-17).
- ^ Convention for the adaptation to maritime war of the principles of the Geneva Convention. Yale University. October 18, 1907 [August 2, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-02).
- ^ R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast. The German Submarine War 1914-1918 2002. Periscope Publishing Ltd. November 2002: 285, 438. ISBN 1-904381-08-1.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Crispin Sadler and Wayne Abbott. Deep Wreck Mysteries - Red Cross Outrage. History Television. 2006 [August 2, 2009]. (原始内容 (TV Show)存档于August 31, 2009).
- ^ Britannic. Public Broadcasting Service. 2009 [August 21, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-14).
- ^ Marc Leroux. The sinking of the Canadian Hospital Ship. Canadian Great War Project. 2008 [August 21, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17).
- ^ pg 312 - R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast. The German Submarine War 1914-1918 2002. Periscope Publishing Ltd. November 2002: 312. ISBN 1-904381-08-1.
- ^ Hold German Hospital Ship (PDF). The New York Times. May 22, 1915 [September 2, 2009].
- ^ John Beech. AH Navy. coventry.ac.uk. 2004 [September 1, 2009]. (原始内容存档于April 28, 2006).
- ^ British Hospital Ship sunk, 85 lost. 纽约时报. November 18, 1915 [August 28, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2024-12-04).
- ^ 31 ON HOSPITAL SHIP KILLED BY U-BOAT. 纽约时报. Mar 27, 1917 [November 7, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2024-12-04).
- ^ HMHS Asturias. roll-of-honour.com. [November 7, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-02).
- ^ The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918) 1918. New York and London : Harper & brothers. 1917: 14–15. - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
- ^ Kirsten – The Fleets. The Ships List. 2009 [3 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于10 October 2009).
- ^ Britannic. 公共广播电视公司. 2009 [August 21, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-14).
- ^ HMHS Dover Castle (+1917). wrecksite. 2009 [21 August 2009]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-17).
- ^ SS Donegal (+1917). wrecksite. 2011 [November 8, 2011].
- ^ SS Donegal. clydesite.co.uk. [November 8, 2011]. 原始内容存档于December 3, 2013.
- ^ U-BOATS DESTROY 2 HOSPITAL SHIPS. 纽约时报. April 22, 1917 [November 8, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-03).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN HOSPITAL SHIPS OF WORLD WAR I. jeffdonofrio.net. 2012 [March 10, 2012]. (原始内容存档于October 15, 2014).
- ^ TEUTON HOSPITAL SHIP SUNK IN THE ADRIATIC (PDF). The New York Times. March 20, 1916 [March 10, 2012]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-30).
- ^ Marc Leroux. SS Galeka (+1916). wrecksite. 2008 [August 21, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-11).
- ^ Hospital Ship Sunk by a U-Boat (PDF). 纽约时报. February 28, 1918 [2 August 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-27).
- ^ PSS Koningin Regentes (+1918). wrecksite. 2011 [November 7, 2011].
- ^ PSS Koningin Regentes [+1918]. wrecksite.eu. 22 October 2009 [14 July 2016].
- ^ Booth Line's S.S. "Lanfranc" 2. bluestarline.org. September 25, 2005 [August 28, 2009]. (原始内容存档于July 4, 2008).
- ^ Letitia - 1917. museum.gov.ns.ca. 2011 [November 8, 2011]. (原始内容存档于July 26, 2013).
- ^ SS Letitia. wrecksite. 2011 [November 8, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-17).
- ^ Marc Leroux. The sinking of the Canadian Hospital Ship. Canadian Great War Project. 2008 [August 21, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17).
- ^ Ships used in Immigration. jeffdonofrio.net. 2012 [March 10, 2012]. (原始内容存档于May 4, 2014).
- ^ The War on hospital ships, from the narratives of eye-witnesses (1917) 1917. London : T. Fisher Unwin. 1917: 1. - Call number: SRLF_UCLA:LAGE-3563453
- ^ War of the U-Boats (PDF). The New York Times. July 28, 1918 [August 2, 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-05).
- ^ SS Rohilla (+1914). wrecksite. 2011 [November 8, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-11).
- ^ HMHS Rohilla. roll-of-honour.com. 2011 [November 8, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-26).
- ^ Leroux, Marc. HMS Salta. union-castle.net. 2008 [21 August 2009]. (原始内容存档于31 August 2011).
- ^ Schnee 2018
- ^ SS Tabora (+1914). wrecksite. 2011 [November 8, 2011].
- ^ The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918) 1918. New York and London : Harper & brothers. 1917: 11. - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
- ^ Peace Movement Diverts Attention at Year's End from Battlefields to Chancelleries of Belligerents and Principal Neutral Capitals. (PDF). 纽约时报. December 31, 1916 [August 24, 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-07).
- ^ П.Г.Усенко (P.G.Usenko), IСТОРIЇ ВЕЛИКОЇ ВIЙНИ 1914–1917 рр. НА ЧОРНОМУ МОРI[永久失效連結] (From the history of the Great War of the 1914-1917 on the Black Sea). Page 80. (烏克蘭語)
- ^ Wounded drown at night. 纽约时报. Aug 6, 1918 [21 August 2009]. (原始内容存档于2024-12-04).
- Schnee, Heinrich. Deutsch-Ostafrika Im Weltkriege. WENTWORTH Press. 2018. ISBN 9780341468585 (German). - Total pages: 546
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