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SOURCES TO ADD--

  • Latin Language and Latin Culture: From Ancient to Modern Times by (insert here)
    • pg 126, William Byrd produced a lot of Anglican liturgy, including some masses in Latin perhaps for those who missed the use of Latin in the Roman Catholic Church
  • Natural History of Latin: The Story of the World's Most Successful Language by Tore Janson, Nigel Vincent, and Merethe Damsgaard Sorenson
    • The use of loanwords from Greek and Hebrew in the early Christian period
      • Some words are taken from Classical Latin and repurposed into Christianity-- "dominus" meaning Lord rather than master (as in a master to slaves), oratio/orare meaning prayer/to pray, classically it meant speech
      • Some words are taken from Greek-- baptizare, "to baptize" and ecclesia, "church"
      • Latin was the universal language of the church until the Reformation, but only because of the split and the fact that Protestants had no universal head of the church
        • Protestant priests conducted their services in the local language, but they still had to read, write, and speak Latin because it was the language of universities where they received their education
          • Universities didn't use national languages until the 18th century and in some places Latin was used for higher learning until the 20th century
        • Catholic theologians began to phase out writing in Latin because they want to be read in the 19th century, but service was still done in Latin until the 1960s.
          • All correspondence with the Vatican until that time was also in Latin
    • Catholic Encyclopedia-- newadvent.org
      • More Greek words that get put into Latin-- baptisma, charisma, extasis, idolataria, prophetia, martyr
        • Latin endings-- daemonium, allegorizare, Paracletus
        • Classical Latin words with new meanings-- ablutio, gratia, sacramentum, saeculum, persecutor, peccator
        • These "new" words are credited to Tertullian, who worked to found Christian language to further the spread and preaching of Christianity
        • St. Cyprian adds some Greek words-- apostata, gazophylacium, and some phrases-- magnalia, mammona-- and some added inflections. He uses his classical learning with some of Tertullian's new vocabulary
        • St. Augustine does the same thing, he starts to change Latin-- dolus for dolor, effloriet for florebit, ossum for os
        • St. Jerome
          • Created 350 new words for ecclesiastical Latin with the creation of the Vulgate
      • CURRENTLY...
        • "All the official documents of the Church, Encyclicals, Bulls, Briefs, institutions of bishops, replies from the Roman Congregations, acts of provincial councils, are written in Latin."

Ecclesiastical Latin, also called Liturgical Latin or Church Latin, is a form of later form of Latin used to discuss Christian thought. It was created from the vulgar Latin of Late Antiquity, borrowing words from Greek, Hebrew, and Classical Latin to discuss theology.[1] Ecclesiastical Latin is less stylized than Classical Latin and less strict grammatically with a pronunciation based on Italian.[2] Historically, it was used in liturgical rites and writings of the Roman Catholic Church and in the Western Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Currently, Ecclesiastical Latin is mostly used in the Roman Catholic Church in official documents, however it is still learned by clergy today.[1]

USAGE

The use of Latin in the Church started in the fourth century with the split of the Roman Empire after Emperor Theodosius in 395. Before this split, Greek was the primary language of the Church as well as the language of the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Following the split, early theologians like Jerome translated Greek texts into Latin, the dominant language of the Western Roman Empire. The loss of Greek in the Western half of the Roman Empire, and the loss of Latin in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire were not immediate, but changed the culture of language as well as the development of the Church. [3]

With time, Latin developed from the rigid structure of Classical Latin like that of Cicero into a more informal, or vulgar, language. This Vulgar Latin, sometimes called Colloquial Latin, is the Latin of Jerome's Vulgate Bible.[4] In order to discuss Christian thoughts in Latin, Jerome and many other ecclesiastical authors re-purposed words from Classical Latin and borrowed words from Greek and Hebrew sources, changing their forms to fit Latin declensions. [5]

The use of Latin in the Western Church continued throughout the Middle Ages and into the time of the Reformation. Martin Luther's goal was for services and texts to be shared in the common language rather than Latin like in the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants refrained from using Latin, however a few liturgical rites were preserved in Latin in some denominations. Although services were in vernacular, Protestant clergy were well educated in Latin as it was the language of higher learning and theological thought until the eighteenth century. [6]

Ecclesiastical Latin continued to be the language of liturgy in the Roman Catholic Church until the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) created by Pope John XXIII to discuss reforming liturgy. The Council decided to allow languages other than Latin to be used during Mass in order to relate the church and its values to modern culture.[7] Ecclesiastical Latin is still used by the Roman Catholic Church in official documents such as encyclicals, papal bulls, and other canonical law.[8]

The Holy See has for some centuries usually drafted documents in a modern language, but the authoritative text, published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, is usually in Latin. Some texts may be published initially in a modern language and be later revised, according to a Latin version (or “editio typica”), after this Latin version is published. For example, the Catechism of the Catholic Church was drafted and published, in 1992, in French. The Latin text appeared only five years later, in 1997, and the French text was corrected to match the Latin version, which is regarded as the official text. The Latin-language department of the Vatican Secretariat of State (formerly the Secretaria brevium ad principes et epistolarum latinarum) is charged with the preparation in Latin of papal and curial documents. Occasionally the official text is published in a modern language, e.g., the well-known edict Tra le sollecitudini[9] (1903) by Pope Pius X (in Italian) and Mit brennender Sorge (1937) by Pope Pius XI (in German).

The rule now in force on the use of Latin in the Eucharistic liturgy of the Roman Rite states Mass is celebrated either in Latin or in another language, provided that the liturgical texts used have been approved according to the norm of law. Except for celebrations of the Mass that are scheduled by the ecclesiastical authorities to take place in the language of the people, priests are always and everywhere permitted to celebrate Mass in Latin.[10]

After the Reformation, in the Lutheran Churches, Latin was retained as the language of the Mass for weekdays, although for the Sunday Sabbath, the Deutsche Messe was to be said.[11] In Geneva, among the Reformed Churches, "persons called before the consistory to prove their faith answered by reciting the Paternoster, the Ave Maria, and the Credo in Latin."[11] In the Anglican Church, the Book of Common Prayer was published in Latin, alongside English.[12] John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Churches, "used Latin text in doctrinal writings",[12] as Martin Luther and John Calvin did in their era.[12] In the training of Protestant clergy in Württemberg, as well as in the Rhineland, universities instructed divinity students in Latin and their examinations were conducted in this language.[11] The University of Montauban under Reformed auspcices, required that seminarians complete two theses, with one being in Latin and as such, Reformed ministers were "Latinist by training", comparable to Roman Catholic seminarians.[11]

COMPARISON TO CLASSICAL LATIN

See also: Latin spelling and pronunciation § Ecclesiastical Latin, and Latin regional pronunciation

There are not many differences between Ecclesiastical Latin and Classical Latin. The majority of changes are in the pronunciation of letters and diphthongs:

  • The diphthongs ae and oe are pronounced in Classical Latin as a long i like that in "cry" and "night". In Ecclesiastical Latin, ae and oe are pronounced as a long a as in "pray"
  • In Classical Latin, v is pronounced as a w like in "white". In Ecclesiastical Latin, v is pronounced as a consonantal v-- "violet".
  • In Classical Latin, g is a hard sound like in "goblet". In Ecclesiastical Latin, g is softer, like in "generous".
  • In Ecclesiastical Latin, c is pronounced liked "ch" in "church" if it comes before e, ae, oe, i, or y. In any other case, it's pronounced like a c in Classical Latin, a hard "k" sound. [13]

As in Medieval Latin, there are also regional differences in Ecclesiastical Latin. For instance, in Slavic and German-speaking countries, "C" commonly receives the value of /ts/ before "E" and "I", and speakers pronounce "G" in all positions hard, never as /d͡ʒ/ (English "J").

LANGUAGE MATERIALS

The complete text of the Bible in Latin, the revised Vulgate, appears at Nova Vulgata - Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio.[14] New Advent[15] gives the entire Bible, in the Douay version, verse by verse, accompanied by the Vulgate Latin of each verse.

In 1976, the Latinitas Foundation[16] (Opus Fundatum Latinitas in Latin) was established by Pope Paul VI to promote the study and use of Latin. Its headquarters are in Vatican City. The foundation publishes an eponymous quarterly in Latin. The foundation also published a 15,000-word Italian-Latin Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis (Dictionary of Recent Latin), which provides Latin coinages for modern concepts, such as a bicycle (birota), a cigarette (fistula nicotiana), a computer (instrumentum computatorium), a cowboy (armentarius), a motel (deversorium autocineticum), shampoo (capitilavium), a strike (operistitium), a terrorist (tromocrates), a trademark (ergasterii nota), an unemployed person (invite otiosus), a waltz (chorea Vindobonensis), and even a miniskirt (tunicula minima) and hot pants (brevissimae bracae femineae). Some 600 such terms extracted from the book appear on a page[17] of the Vatican website. The Latinitas Foundation was superseded by the Pontifical Academy for Latin (Latin: Pontificia Academia Latinitatis) in 2012.

CURRENT USAGE

Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.[18] Until the 1960s and still later in Roman colleges like the Gregorian, Roman Catholic priests studied theology using Latin textbooks and the language of instruction in many seminaries was also Latin, which was seen as the language of the Church Fathers. The use of Latin in pedagogy and in theological research, however, has since declined. Nevertheless, canon law requires for seminary formation to provide for a thorough training in Latin,[19] though "the use of Latin in seminaries and pontifical universities has now dwindled to the point of extinction."[20] Latin was still spoken in recent international gatherings of Roman Catholic leaders, such as the Second Vatican Council, and it is still used at conclaves to elect a new Pope. The Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 2004 was the most recent to have a Latin-language group for discussions.

Although Latin is the traditional liturgical language of the Roman (Latin) Church, the liturgical use of the vernacular has predominated since the liturgical reforms that followed the Vatican II: liturgical law for the Latin Church states that Mass may be celebrated either in Latin or another language in which the liturgical texts, translated from Latin, have been legitimately approved.[21] The permission granted for continued use of the Tridentine Mass in its 1962 form authorizes use of the vernacular language in proclaiming the Scripture readings after they are first read in Latin.[22]

In historic Protestant Churches, such as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches, Ecclesiastical Latin is often employed in sung celebrations of the Mass.[23]

  1. ^ a b "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church Latin". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  2. ^ "Vulgar Latin | language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  3. ^ Leonhardt, Jürgen (2013). Latin: Story of a World Language. Munich: Harvard University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-674-05807-1.
  4. ^ "Ecclesiastical Latin Resources". www.canonlaw.info. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  5. ^ Collins, John (1985). A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. pp. vi. ISBN 0-8132-0610-3.
  6. ^ Janson, Tore (2007). Natural History of Latin: The Story of the World's Most Successful Langauge. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0199214051.
  7. ^ "Second Vatican Council | Roman Catholic history [1962–1965]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  8. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church Latin". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  9. ^ Adoremus.org
  10. ^ Redemptionis Sacramentum, 112 Archived February 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ a b c d Waquet, Françoise (2002). Latin, Or, The Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Verso. p. 78. ISBN 9781859844021.
  12. ^ a b c Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 961. ISBN 9780192802903. The Second Vatican Council declared that the use of Latin was to be maintained the liturgy, though permission was granted for some use of the vernacular; in the outcome, the use of the vernacular has almost entirely triumphed, although the official books continue to be published in Latin. In the C of E the Latin versions of the Book of Common Prayer have never been widely used, though, for instance, John Wesley used Latin text in doctrinal writings. The option of using traditional Latin texts in sung worship has been retained by choirs in both the Anglican and Lutheran Churches.
  13. ^ "Ecclesiastical Latin". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  14. ^ Vatican.va
  15. ^ Newadvent.org
  16. ^ Vatican.va
  17. ^ Vatican.va
  18. ^ As stated above, official documents are frequently published in other languages. The Holy See's diplomatic languages are French and Latin (such as letters of credence from Vatican ambassadors to other countries are written in Latin [Fr. Reginald Foster, on Vatican Radio, 4 June 2005]). Laws and official regulations of Vatican City, which is an entity that is distinct from the Holy See, are issued in Italian.
  19. ^ Can. 249, 1983 CIC
  20. ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 961. ISBN 9780192802903.
  21. ^ Can. 928 Archived December 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, 1983 CIC
  22. ^ ["Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2015-03-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, article 6
  23. ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 961. ISBN 9780192802903. The Second Vatican Council declared that the use of Latin was to be maintained the liturgy, though permission was granted for some use of the vernacular; in the outcome, the use of the vernacular has almost entirely triumphed, although the official books continue to be published in Latin. In the C of E the Latin versions of the Book of Common Prayer have never been widely used, though, for instance, John Wesley used Latin text in doctrinal writings. The option of using traditional Latin texts in sung worship has been retained by choirs in both the Anglican and Lutheran Churches.
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