User:Innertuber40/Substrate adhesion molecules
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[edit]..., also known as cell-substrate adhesion molecules, cell-substratum adhesion molecules, substratum adhesion molecules, or cell-matrix molecules,[1] are single-pass membrane proteins characterized by their role in binding cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). As it is commonly understood that these particular proteins bind ECM elements, publications often forego the SAM classification for them and will instead refer to them under the broader classification for proteins involved in adhesion, cell adhesion molecules.
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[edit]Examples
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SAMs may be directly expressed by the cell, such as many classes of integrins[3], or they may be created by neighboring cells to aid in adhesion with the ECM.[4]
Structure
[edit]The intracellular side will be anchored to the cytoskeleton (actin, in the case of integrins), while the substrate side will anchor to the ECM.
Integrins have two subunits, an α and a β. Both bind to the ECM on the substrate side, which activates the actin-binding activity of the β unit on the intracellular side.[5] This forms what is called a focal adhesion.
CD44 only has one subunit, with a long substrate-side N-terminal head and a short intracellular tail. The extracellular domain can bind many different molecules, including those composing the ECM. The intracellular domain can then bind with various effector proteins, including actin.[6] Instead of playing an anchoring role like integrins, CD44 plays a signaling role.
Remove: "SAMs do not need to be..." -- It is covered earlier in the proposed edit
References
[edit]- ^ Pignatelli, Massimo; Vessey BM, Carina J. (1994-09). "Adhesion molecules: Novel molecular tools in tumor pathology". Human Pathology. 25 (9): 849–856. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(94)90002-7.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Murray, P.; Frampton, G; Nelson, P. (1999-08-07). "Cell adhesion molecules". BMJ. 319 (7206): 332–334. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7206.332. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1126974. PMID 10435939.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Pignatelli, Massimo; Vessey BM, Carina J. (1994-09-01). "Adhesion molecules: Novel molecular tools in tumor pathology". Human Pathology. 25 (9): 849–856. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(94)90002-7. ISSN 0046-8177.
- ^ Cruse, Julius M.; Lewis, Robert E. (2004). Atlas of immunology (2. ed ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8493-1567-1.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ "13.6: Integrins". Biology LibreTexts. 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
- ^ Dzwonek, Joanna; Wilczynski, Grzegorz M. (2015-05-07). "CD44: molecular interactions, signaling and functions in the nervous system". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 9. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00175. ISSN 1662-5102.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)