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from [ [japanese work environment] ]
The general Japanese health insurance system resembles a dualist one. The National Health Insurance, or the Kokumin-Kenkō-Hoken, is directed regionally, and provides mandatory health insurance to the non-employed citizenry[1].Until age 70, those covered by the National Health Insurance must self-finance 30%[2] of their medical costs. Firms are required to provide mandatory health insurance to employees under Employees Health and Pension Insurance, or Shakai Hoken[3]. For the employed, maintaining this access to healthcare is greatly tied to their employment security. As a result, the cost of losing a job also includes the cost of losing access to the expansive benefits of employer-provided healthcare insurance. Leaving the workforce due to dismissal, family complications, or health related issues can potentially diminish access to welfare benefits[2] . Due to the high mandated costs on firms imposed by the Employees Health Insurance scheme, the incentive to provide increased non-mandatory welfare provisions is undermined.
Declining health conditions in the Japanese labor force and the issue of overtime work has led to policy expansion and reform on the behalf of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. As of March 2018, the Labour Standards Act states that an employer should not exceed a 40 hour work week for employees[4]. Exceeding this work week requires an exclusive worker-management agreement, and overtime and this work is to be compensated for with a corresponding wage increase. For example, overtime and night work both require an increase by a rate of 25% at the minimum. [5] The increasing cases of Karōshi[6], or health and workplace accidents resulting from overtime work have led to reforms in the Industrial Health and Safety Law [7]as well. Although non-binding, these reforms mandate employers to arrange for overtime workers to be provided with health guidance.[8] Hwebber (talk) 22:49, 7 December 2018 (UTC)Hwebberucsd
- ^ "Health Insurance in Japan". Nagoya International Center. Nagoya International Center. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ a b Ernst, Angelika. "A Segmented Welfare State: The Japanese Approach" (PDF). Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, Bd. 138, H. 3., Social Policy in a Free Market Economy: A Symposium: 553. Retrieved 7 December 2018. Cite error: The named reference "A Segmented Welfare State" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Employee's Health Insurance System and Employee's Pension Insurance System". Japan Pension Service. Japan Pension Servie. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ Yamakawa, Ryuichi (Autumn 2011). "Labor Law Reform in Japan: A Response to Recent Socio-Economic Changes". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 49 (4): 635. doi:10.2307/841052. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. "Pamphlet: Are Your Working Conditions Fair". Labour Standards. Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Karōshi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ Iwasaki, Kenji; Takahashi, Masaya; Nakata, Akinori (August 17, 2006). "Health problems due to long working hours in Japan: working hours, workers' compensation (Karoshi), and preventive measures". Industrial Health. 44 (4): 539. PMID 17085914 PMID: 17085914. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmid=value (help) - ^ Iwasaki, Kenji; Takahashi, Masaya; Nakata, Akinori (August 17, 2006). "Health problems due to long working hours in Japan: working hours, workers' compensation (Karoshi), and preventive measures". Industrial Health. 44 (4): 539. PMID 17085914 PMID: 17085914. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmid=value (help)