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User:Hjk321/Pavement light

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Cross-section of a road and adjacent building, showing the basement extending under the sidewalk and part of the road. Sunlight is shining through the sidewalk into the basement.
On top, people could walk on the sidewalk, but pavement lights let light go into the room below.
view down onto a sidewalk with vault lights; a slab of concrete with a regular grid of inset squares of slightly domed purple glass. Within each square, faint vertical lines can be seen through the glass, and points of light shining up through the glass are duplicated in horizontal lines of three points of light. Some yellow leaves have fallen on the damp concrete.
Colored pavement lights from above.

Pavement lights are usually put into sidewalks or floors to let sunlight into a room below it. They are sometimes called vault lights or sidewalk prisms. They were used in many places when electric lighting was very expensive. Some cities are removing these lights, but others are keeping and restoring them.

Pavement lights give sunlight to basements below it during the day, and the basement gives light to the sidewalk from below during the night.[1] These lights are meant to make basements more useful in cities and places where there isn't a lot of space.[2] In places with high rent, these lights may make an area look better, which helps landlords make more money. People with these lights can also save on electricity during the day, because the lights are clear like a window, where sunlight can go through.[3]

Many years ago, pavement lights were advertised as a way of saving on electricity costs and making places look better.[3] Today's science has proven that they were right.[4]

Pavement lights are also used in floors with glass roofs. They could be put in a floor below another floor with more pavement lights, letting sunlight go through more than one floor.[5] Manhole covers were also made with pavement lights.[2]

Most old cities have pavement lights, or at least, they have had them in the past.[6] These lights are about 100 years old.[2] However, some pavement lights are being used even today.[7]


Pictures

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References

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  1. Ringuette, Janis; Ringuette, Norm (2007), Walking Over History: Victoria's Historic Sidewalk Prisms, archived from the original on 2008-05-09
  2. 1 2 3 Institute for Public Service, Seattle University, Marie Wong; et al. (2011), Seattle Prism Light Reconnaissance Study (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 "Pocket Hand-book of Electro-glazed Luxfer Prisms containing useful information and tables relating to their use For Architects, Engineers and Builders.", Glassian, 1898, archived from the original on 2016-03-10 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  4. Padiyath, Raghunath; 3M company, St Paul, Minnesota (2013), Daylight Redirecting Window Films, U.S.A. Department of Defense ESTCP Project number EW-201014, archived from the original on 2017-09-29, retrieved 2017-10-09{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. PRESERVATION Tech Notes: Repair and Rehabilitation of Historic Sidewalk Vault Lights, PTN 47 (PDF), National Park Sevice (U.S.A.), November 2003, ISSN 0741-9023, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-06 NOTE: colour versions of images available on Commons:Repair and Rehabilitation of Historic Sidewalk Vault Lights at 552-554 Broadway, New York City (2002) (URL formerly "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2017-10-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link))
  6. Gray, Christopher (19 May 2002), "Streetscapes/Subway Platforms; Letting the Sun Shine In", New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-04-30
  7. Macky, Ian, "Prism glass", Glassian, archived from the original on 2009-03-21
  8. "Vault Lights in Chicago, Illinois". glassian. 2003-04-02. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  9. "Vault Lights in Stockton, California". glassian. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  10. "Vault Lights at the NDSD in Devils Lake, North Dakota". glassian. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  11. None given (December 3, 2017). "Translucent Concrete: An Emerging Material". Illumin. The Engineering Writing Program at the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  12. Macky, Ian, "Vault Lights in Penn Station, NYC", Glassian, archived from the original on 2016-05-12
  13. Object of the Moment: 3M Daylight Redirecting Film by 3M Archived 2017-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, by Selin Ashaboglu, March 02, 2017
  14. Bullseye Glass Co., Annealing Thick Slabs, archived from the original on 2017-11-12
  15. Macky, Ian, "Current Manufacturers", Glassian, archived from the original on 2017-10-10
  16. Hargreaves Foundry (19 November 2014), Replacement of Traditional Pavement Lights, archived from the original on 7 October 2017
  17. The Luxfer Prism Co., Ltd. of Canada, Catalogue. Archived 2016-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
  18. Robinson, Sam (19 June 2013), "Diffused Down Below: Philadelphia's Lost Vault Lights", Hiddencity Philadelphia, archived from the original on 23 October 2017
  19. Minutes of city meetings on sidewalk prisms Archived 2017-10-04 at the Wayback Machine in Seattle, USA, and Victoria, Canada
  20. Lord, Steve (September 29, 2017), "Vault project shines light on underground Aurora", The Chicago Tribune, archived from the original on 2017-10-28
  21. Stratton, Edward (7 December 2015), "Let the light in", The Daily Astorian, archived from the original on 2017-10-09
  22. Garvin, Cosmo (17 July 2003), "The past below", Sacramento Newsreview, archived from the original on 2014-02-08
  23. Chris Lehman. "Historians Explore Salem's Underground . News". OPB. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  24. "Historians explore tunnels beneath Salem". OregonLive.com. 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  25. Published 9:22 p.m. PT Jan. 30, 2015 (2015-01-30). "From opium dens to bordellos, historian unearths Salem's past". Statesmanjournal.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. "The Best Salem Walking Tour and Salem Ghost Tour!". Salemtunneltour.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  27. Ian Macky. "Vault Lights in San Diego, California". glassian. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  28. Ian Macky. "Vault Lights in Tijuana, Mexico". glassian. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  29. 1906 Sweet's Indexed Catalog of Building Construction Archived 2016-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, page 267
  30. 1915 Sweet's Indexed Catalog of Building Construction Archived 2016-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, page 174
  31. 1927–1928 Sweet's Indexed Catalog of Building Construction Archived 2016-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, page A387
  32. Vault Lighting and How It Is Secured Archived 2016-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, Catalog 14-S, American 3-Way Prism Company
  33. Paving lights Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, "The Pavement Light Company"
  34. Pavement Lights Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, Luxcrete Limited
  35. Glazed Walk-on Floorlight Access Archived 2017-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, Surespan
  36. David Hutton (2011-11-30). "Group wants to save sidewalk prism lights". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Archived from the original on 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  37. Greg Pender, The StarPhoenix (April 13, 2015). "Purple glass prisms inset in the sidewalk on 21st Street East in front of the Urban Oasis Tower are seen, Monday, April 13, 2015. Tunnels under the area are scheduled to be infilled". Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  38. Matthew Blackett (2010-01-05). "Vault lights are more than sidewalk decor". Spacing Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
  39. Varone, Stephen; Varsalona, Peter (October 2004), "Replacing a Sidewalk Vault", Habitat Magazine, Ask The Engineer, original publisher: Habitat Magazine at habitatmag.com; now rehosted by Rand Engineering and Architecture, DPC
  40. Morrison, Andrew (19 October 2015), "The Purple Lights Of Our Ancient Basements", Scout Vancouver, archived from the original on 4 October 2017
  41. Solarized glass, Corning Museum of Glass, 8 December 2011, archived from the original on 8 October 2017
  42. Knopp, Samantha, Purple City – A Little History of Vancouver’s Vault Lights, Artists Walking Home Project, archived from the original on 2017-10-04
  43. Manganese statistics (PDF), Kelly, T.D., and Matos, G.R., comps., Historical statistics for mineral and material commodities in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 140, U.S. Geological Survey, 1 April 2014, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2017, retrieved 9 October 2017
  44. Murdy, Justine (February 1999), "The Dirt on Areaways" (PDF), Heritage Vancouver Newsletter, vol. 8, no. 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-10
  45. [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=X8,058 Rockwell, Vault cover], archived from the original on 8 October 2017 {{citation}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |country-code= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |issue-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |patent-number= ignored (help)
  46. [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=11,695 Hyatt, Vault cover], archived from the original on 8 October 2017 {{citation}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |country-code= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |issue-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |patent-number= ignored (help)
  47. Campbell-Dollaghan, Kelsey (May 29, 2014). "The Willis Tower's 103rd Floor Glass Skydeck Cracked Last Night". Gizmodo. Gizmodo.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-04.