User:Hennessy96/sandbox

After reading the article it seems there is a large focus on the history of ableism, such as legislation, but that history does not include recent relevant information. The article misses current research. The information jumps too from terminology to legislation, in no sensible way. Also as one of the previous links stated, this article could easily be combined with others to fit cohesively and broaden the information. As far as bias is concerned, the article does a good job not being opinionated however the number of links and cited sources could be increased. In general I think that the most important change that needs to occur is to have up to date research and information (of the past 10 years). Hennessy96 (talk) 06:05, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

After reading through this article it was very difficult to follow. The article and the information in the article did not flow well to make it an easy ready. This is something that needs to be fixed. The article does seem to hold many opinions and emotion based arguments. The article could be edited to be more neutral in the information given. With the neutral will come more viewpoints that will be equally represented throughout the article. Most of the citations and links work, there needs to be cleaning up of the necessary links for the supported information. Some of the links are reliable neutral resources whereas there are a few that hold bias and are not stated within the article. This most definitely needs to be cleaned up. More information could be added on the background and the current up to date information as the article seems to be a bit outdated. The article is rated as a C and needs improvement but has a decent base. It is apart of a few wiki projects in accordance with the topic of the article. The article definitely needs some love, up to date information, cleaning up on the flow of the article and the checking of sources. Once edited it should be able to flow better so that readers, can easily read the article and better comprehend through the flow of the article. Those are some of the main needs I see for this article. Maddi.maas (talk) 01:29, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

The article hold relevancy as many organizations today are yet fighting for social equality among those disabled and abled. Overall it's pretty vague with historical context and definitions, and is in definite need of current information. The links within the citations worked. Viewpoints were lacking, very general, and more less favored the negative side of the topic than the proactive reform of today. References seemed ok, but could be improved. Current information and possible examples could be added. I saw that this page was almost deleted many years ago, and that many changes have already been made. There is not a lot of content, but what is available isn't organized optimally or pleasing for viewing. According to the rating standards, I would rate this page between a 0-1 as it provides a good frame of reference, but political correctness could be at risk. (talk)

Sources:

Carli Friedman, & Aleksa L. Owen. (2017). Defining Disability: Understandings of and Attitudes Towards Ableism and Disability. Disability Studies Quarterly, 37(1), Disability Studies Quarterly, 01 March 2017, Vol.37(1).

Ellman, L. (2012). Opening Eyes to the Blind: A Unit Plan that Confronts Ableism in a Standards-Based General Education Classroom. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 85(1), 15-22.

Hodge, N., & Runswick-Cole, K. (2013). ‘They never pass me the ball’: Exposing ableism through the leisure experiences of disabled children, young people and their families. Children's Geographies,11(3), 311-325.

Rosenbaum, S. (2016). Preserving public values in the private sector: Unintended consequences or vouching for a ableism-free schools? The Journal of Law and Education, 45(3), 369-385.

Hutcheon, E. J., & Wolbring, G. (2012). Voices of “disabled” post secondary students: Examining higher education “disability” policy using an ableism lens. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(1), 39.

Harpur, P. (2009). Sexism and racism, why not ableism? Calling for a cultural shift in the approach to disability discrimination. Alternative Law Journal, 34(3), 163-167.

Campbell, F. K. (2012). Stalking ableism: Using disability to expose ‘abled’narcissism. In Disability and social theory (pp. 212-230). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Doucette, L. (2017, May 17). If You're in a Wheelchair, Segregation Lives. Retrieved March 07, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/opinion/if-youre-in-a-wheelchair-segregation-lives.html

Harnish, A. (2017). Ableism and the Trump phenomenon. Disability & Society, 32(3), 423-428. doi:10.1080/09687599.2017.1288684

Cherney, J. L. (2011). The Rhetoric of Ableism. Disability Studies Quarterly, 31(3). doi:10.18061/dsq.v31i3.1665

Ableism /ˈeɪblɪzəm/ (also known as ablism, disablism (Brit. English), anapirophobia, anapirism, and disability discrimination) is discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities. Ableism characterizes persons as defined by their disabilities and as inferior to the non-disabled. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or character orientations.

There are stereotypes associated with various disabilities. These stereotypes in turn serve as a justification for ableist practices and reinforce discriminatory attitudes and behaviors toward people who are disabled. Labeling affects people when it limits their options for action or changes their identity.

In ableist societies, people with disabilities are viewed as less valuable, or even less than human. The eugenics movement of the early 20th century could be considered an example of widespread ableism. The mass murder of disabled in the German Nazi Government's Aktion T4 could be an extreme example of ableism.

Etymology

Originated from -able (in disable, disabled) and plus -ism; first known use in 1985-1990.

History

Germany

Hitler signed the secret euthanasia program decree, Aktion T4, in 1939 that allowed the killing of selected patients with chronic neurological, psychiatric disorders. This program took the lives of about 70,000 men, women and children with disabilities; this program was officially halted by Hitler in 1941 under public pressure but was continued unofficially out of the public eye, taking an additional 200,000 until the fall of Hitler's reign in 1945.

United Kingdom

In the UK, disability discrimination became unlawful as a result of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, and the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. These were later repealed, but the substantive law is replicated in the Equality Act 2010. Under the Equality Act 2010 there are several types of discrimination that are prohibited. These are direct discrimination (s.13(1) Equality Act 2010), indirect discrimination (s.6 and s.19 Equality Act 2010, harassment (s.26 Equality Act 2010), victimisation (s.27(2) Equality Act 2010), discrimination arising from disability (s.15(1) Equality Act 2010 and failure to make reasonable adjustments (s.20 Equality Act 2010).

The legal definition of disability used in the law is:

"A person (P) has a disability if P has a physical or mental impairment, and the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities".(Section 6(1), Equality Act 2010)

Some conditions (such as blindness, AIDS and cancer) are included; others (such as drug and alcohol addictions) are excluded.

United States

Before the 1800's, perspective of disability was often in a religious lens. Individuals with disability were seen as evil or possessed by the devil. Much like many minority groups, disabled Americans were often segregated and denied certain rights for a majority of American history. In the 1800's shift from a religious view to a more scientific view took place and caused more individuals with disabilities to be examined. Public stigma began to change after World War II when many Americans returned home with disabilities and physical handicaps. In the 1960's, following the civl rights movement in America, the world began the disabled rights movement. The movement was intended to give all individuals with disabilities equal rights and opportunities. Until the 1970s, ableism in the United States was often codified into law. For example, in many jurisdictions, so-called "ugly laws" barred people from appearing in public if they had diseases or disfigurements that were considered unsightly.

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Section 504 and other sections of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 enacted into law certain civil penalties for failing to make public places comply with access codes known as the ADA Access Guidelines (ADAAG). These laws prohibit direct discrimination against disabled people in government programs, employment, public transit and public accommodations like stores and restaurants.

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act was passed to promote the fundamental right to vote by improving access for handicapped and elderly individuals to registration facilities and polling places for Federal elections by requiring access to polling places used in Federal elections and available registration and voting aids, such as instructions in large type

Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988

The federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of disability and requires that newly constructed multi-family housing meet certain access guidelines while requiring landlords to allow disabled persons to modify existing dwellings for accessibility.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was passed in on July 26th, 1990 by the George H. W. Bush administration and amended on January 1st, 2009. The act gave individuals with disabilities civil rights protections.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA (Public Law No. 94-142). Overall, the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability.

Ableism in Present Society

Many aspects of society have inherent ableist values. Commonly used phrases such as "insane", "retard" and "crazy" used as insults is an example of ableism in the english language. The Spread the Word to End the Word campaign is set up with the goal of eliminating ableist language that is exclusive, offensive and derogatory toward people with disabilities and promoting more accepting attitudes for all communities. A person with a disability is much more likely to be a member of an impoverished community than someone who is not. Prejudice held against individuals with disabilities, has shown a significant negative correlation to the successful outcomes of people. In present society there are many scenarios that place more value on the able-bodied.

Workplace

In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act was put in place to prohibit private employers, state and local government, employment agencies and labor unions from discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in job applications, when hiring, firing, advancement in workplace, compensation, training, and on other terms, conditions and privileges of employment. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, also known as the EEOC also plays a part in fighting against ableism by being responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. Despite legislation to reduce disability discrimination, roughly 13.3 million Americans with disabilities report difficulty finding a job.

Schools

Ableism often makes the world unwelcoming, and inaccessible to people with disabilities—especially in schools. An Ablest would assert that children with disabilities need to assimilate to normative culture. For example, a disabled student needs to read text instead of listening to a tape recording of the text. In the past schools focused too much on fixing the disability, but due to progressive reforms, school’s goals are centered on minimizing the impact of a student’s disability, and giving support, skills, and opportunities to live a full life. Moreover, schools must maximize access to the school community as whole. In 2004, Congress made into law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which states that free and appropriate education is eligible to children with disabilities with insurance of necessary services. Congress later amended the law, in 2015, to include the Every Student Succeeds Act, which guarantees equal opportunity for people with disabilities full participation in society, and the tools for overall independent success.

Media

Disabilities are not only misrepresented in the media but often underepresented as well.. These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of persons with disabilities. While roughly 20 percent of the population is disabled, only 2 percent of characters played in television and film have a disability. Disabled characters are played by able-bodied actors and actresses 95 percent of the time. The Ruderman Family Foundation is a private philanthropic foundation established in 2002 in Boston, USA, managed by the Ruderman family. The foundation operates in America and in Israel in two main areas: inclusion of people with disabilities in society and strengthening the relationship between Israel and the American Jewish community, while promoting strategic philanthropy and expanding circles of giving and involvement. The foundation has released a series of papers discussing various disability studies including disability in the media.

Disabled Villain

One common form of media depiction of disability is to portray villains with a mental or physical disability. Lindsey Row-Heyveld notes, for instance, “that villainous pirates are scraggly, wizened, and inevitably kitted out with a peg leg, eye patch, or hook hand whereas heroic pirates look like Johnny Depp's Jack Sparrow.” The disability of the villain is meant to separate them from the average viewer and dehumanize the antagonist. As a result, stigma forms surrounding the disability and the individuals that live with it.

Inspiration Porn

Inspiration porn is the use of people with disabilities as a form of inspiration when performing ordinary tasks. Criticisms of inspiration porn say that it distances people with disabilities from abled bodied individuals and portrays disability as an obstacle to overcome or rehab.

Sports

Sports are often an area of society in which ableism is evident. In sports media, athletes with disabilities are often portrayed to be inferior. When athletes with disabilities are discussed in the media, there is often an emphasis on rehabilitation and the road to recovery, which is inherently a negative view on the disability. Oscar Pistorius is a South American runner who competed in the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Paralympics and the 2012 Olympic games in London. Oscar was the first double amputee athlete to compete in the Olympic games. While media coverage focused on inspiration and competition during his time in the Paralympic games, it shifted to questioning whether his prosthetic legs gave him an advantage while competing in the Olympic games.

See Also

• Accessibility
• ADAPT
• Compulsory Sterilization
• Disability abuse
• Disability and poverty
• Disability hate crime
• Disability rights
• Disability rights movement
• Eugenics
• Inclusion (disability rights)
• Invisible disability
• Mentalism (discrimination)
• Paralympic games
• Supremacism
• Special Olympics