User:G PViB/sandbox3

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	Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone. More info (in Russian)

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	Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding

This is a list of Russian inventions.

Ancient inventions

Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age.

Chariot	Sintashta‑Petrovka			❶	^[1]
Domestication of the horse	Sredny Stog culture			❷
Wheel	Maikop culture			❷	^[2]
Oldest known:
Composite bow	North Asia			❶	^[3]^[4]
Distaff	Russian Plain			❷	^[5]^{[additional citation(s) needed]}
Trousers	Siberia			❶	^[6]^[7]
Wooden bridge	Russian Plain		5,500 BCE	❷	^[8]^{[Note 1]}
Wooden sculpture	Middle Urals	Shigir Idol	7,500 BCE	❶	^[9]

Agriculture and biotechnology

^[10]^[11] ^1814. By Petro Prokopovych	Beehive frame
^[12]^[13] ^1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov	Caterpillar farm tractor
^[14] ^1924. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko	Fertile hybrid
^[15]^[16] ^1868. By Andrei Famintsyn	Grow light
^[17] ^1951–54. The credit is due to ^{(Терентий Мальцев)} Terenty Maltsev	Nonmoldboard soil cultivation Безотвальная обработка почвы
A type of ard (plough)	Sokha
^[18]^[19] ^1829–30s. By ^{(Даниил Бокарев)} Daniil Bokarev	Sunflower oil industry
The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky	Vinogradsky column

Arts and music

The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky	Pure abstract art
^[20] ^1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin	ANS synthesizer
^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[21]	Birch bark art
^[22]^[23]	Bone watch
...	Constructivism
^1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen	Drum machine
...	Kuleshov Effect
The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov	Montage
^[24]^[25] ^1801. By Yegor Kuznetsov	Musical carriage
^[26] ^1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine	Optophonic Piano
...	Socialist realism
^1911–16. By Konstantin Stanislavsky	Stanislavsky's system
^1918–20. By Lev Termen	Theremin
^[27]	Welded sculpture
^[22]^[28] ^1837. By Semyon Bronnikov	Wooden watch

Chemistry and metallurgy

^[29] ^1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov	Aluminothermy
^1989–91.	BARS apparatus
^1838. Modern rediscovery. By ^{(Павел Аносов)} Pavel Anosov	Bulat steel
^1900. The credit is due to Mikhail Tsvet	Chromatography
^1902. The credit is due to Aleksandr Loran	Fire fighting foam
^[30] ^1831. The credit is due to ^{(Павел Аносов)} Pavel Anosov	Metallographic microscopy
BN-350 reactor	Nuclear desalination
^1869. By Dmitry Mendeleyev	Current periodic table
^[31] By Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston	Modern powder metallurgy
^[32]^[33] ^1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov	Synthetic detergent
^[34]^[35] ^1910. The first commercially viable form of production. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev	Synthetic rubber – Polybutadiene
By Aleksandr Butlerov	Theory of chemical structure
The credit is due to Igor Gorynin	Weldable titanium alloys

Communications

^[36]^[37] ^1907–11. The credit is due to Boris Rozing and Vladimir Zvorykin	CRT television
^[38]^[39] ^1923. By Oleg Losev	Crystodine
^1925. The credit is due to Lev Termen	Interlaced video
^{[Note 2]}^[40] ^1794. By Ivan Kulibin	Optical telegraph
^[41]^[42] ^1958. By Leonid Kupriyanovich	Pocket phone
^[41]^[43] ^1957. By Leonid Kupriyanovich	Early portable mobile phone device
^[44] ^{7 May 1895.} The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov	Radio receiver
By Lev Termen	Thing (listening device)

Computing and information technology

^1999. The credit is due to Igor Pavlov	7z
Russian Wikipedia article	Acmeology
^1967. By ^{(Михаил Карцев)} Mikhail Kartsev	Computer for operations with functions
^{[Note 3]} MIR	Desktop workstation
^[45] By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan	Flip-flop (electronics)
^1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys	Integraph
^1832. The first application in informatics. The credit is due to Semyon Korsakov	Punched card
^2009. Chatroulette. The credit is due to Andrei Ternovsky	Randomized webcam chat room
^1993. The credit is due to Yevgeny Roshal	RAR
...	Russian abacus
^1962. AVL tree. The credit is due to Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky	Self-balancing binary search tree
^1956–59. Setun. The credit is due to Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov	Modern ternary computer
Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev	Topological quantum computer
^1946–56. The credit is due to Genrikh Altshuller	TRIZ

Energy

^[46] ^1932. The credit is due to ^{(Алексей Бахмутский)} Aleksei Bakhmutsky	Cutting-loading machine – Coal cutter-loader Горный комбайн – Комбайн очистной
^1969. Severnoye Siyaniye barge. The credit is due to ^{(Николай Кухто)} Nikolai Kukhto	Floating power station
^[47] ^1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin	Flow-through boiler
^[48] ^1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina	Kalina cycle
^[49] ^1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko	Klimenko cycle
^1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov	Solar cell
^[50] ^1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov	Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen
^[49] ^1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa	Current turboexpander

Oil and gas

^1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Cylindric oil depot
^[51] ^1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky	Gas lift
^[52] ^1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov and Vasily Semyonov	Modern oil well
Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev	Pipeline transport
^1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Thermal cracking
^[53]^[54] ^1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov	Turbodrill

Nuclear energy

Russian Wikipedia article	BREST reactor
...	Fast-neutron reactor
^[55] International cooperation	GT-MHR reactor
...	Lead-cooled fast reactor
...	Nuclear power plant
Mass-produced	Nuclear power station barge
...	RBMK reactor
...	Traveling wave reactor
...	VVER reactor

Everyday life

^[56] ^1876. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov	AC transformer
^1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian)	Anbur script
^[57]	Banya
^1704. The Russian ruble	Decimal currency
^1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov	Electric street lights
^{[Note 4]}^[58] ^1927. By Oleg Losev	Light-emitting diode
^[59] ^1802. The credit is due to Osip Krichevsky	Modern powdered milk

Housing

^{[citation needed]}	Water-based central heating
^1795. By Nikolai Lvov	Early HVAC system
...	Izba
^{[Note 5]}^[60] ^1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk	Lightning rod
^[61]	Russian oven
^[62] ^1795. By Ivan Kulibin	Screw drive elevator

Architecture

Forms

...	Bochka roof
...	Kokoshnik
...	Multidomed church
^1164. The earliest depiction. Dobrila Evangeliary	Onion dome
...	Tented roof masonry
...	Vysotka
...	Zvonnitsa

Native styles

...	Constructivism
...	Early Russian architecture
^[63]	Neo-Russian
Developed	Neo-Byzantine
...	Late Muscovite
...	Russian Revival
...	Stalinist Empire
Russian Wikipedia article	Siberian Baroque
...	Middle Muscovite
...	Naryshkin Baroque
...	Postconstructivism
^[64]	North Caucasus architecture
Russian Wikipedia article	Russian wooden architecture

Structural engineering

^[60] ^1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk	Rebar
Russian Wikipedia article	Foamed concrete
^1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Gridshell
^1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Hyperboloid structure
All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Tensile structure
All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Thin-shell structure

Notes

^ It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.
^ With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.
^ The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.
^ No application was found at the time of the invention.
^ The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.

References

^ Kuznetsov, Pavel (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309). UK: The Antiquity Trust: 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162580424.
^ Резепкин, Алексей (2005). "Проблема происхождения колёсного транспорта и его появления на Северном Кавказе". Тезисы и доклады. 4-ая Кубанская археологическая конференция.
^ Insulander, Ragnar (2002). "The Two-Wood Bow" (PDF). Acta Borealia. 19 (2002–1). UK: Taylor & Francis: Routledge: 49–73. doi:10.1080/08003830215543. ISSN 1503-111X. S2CID 144012834.
^ Шахов, Олег. "Скифский лук". Пехота. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ БСЭ: «Лён».
^ Nelson, Sarah (2004). Gender in archaeology: analyzing power and prestige. Gender and archaeology. Vol. 9. USA: Rowman & Littlefield: AltaMira Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7591-0496-9.
^ Подольный, Роман; Бромлей, Юлиан (1984). Создано человечеством. М.: Политиздат. pp. 100–101.
^ Омельницкий, Пётр. "Чудеса России: Мост возле Закубежья". Национальная Медия Группа: Известия, ВГТРК: Россия.
^ Понизовкин, Андрей (September 2003). "Куда шагал Шигирский идол?" (PDF). Наука Урала. No. 2003–20 [848]. Уральское отделение Российской академии наук.
^ "Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)". Beekeeping in Ukraine. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ Демиденко, Надія (2009). "Життєвий і творчий шлях П. І. Прокоповича (1775–1850) – патріарха вітчизняної бджільницької науки" (PDF). Історія науки і біографістика (2009–2). Національна академія аграрних наук України.
^ Деревянченко, Анатолий; Чулков, Алексей (1990). Волжский самородок: Страницы жизни Ф. А. Блинова. Их имена в истории края. Саратов: Приволжское книжное издательство.
^ Стародубцев, В. М.; Шаповалов, Ю. С. "Первый Российский гусеничный трактор Ф. А. Блинова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
^ Griffiths, Anthony; Gelbart, William; Miller, Jeffrey; Lewontin, Richard (1999). "Chapter 8. Chromosome Mutations". Modern Genetic Analysis. EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: USA: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5.
^ GSE: "Plant Cultivation Under Artificial Illumination".
^ Сенченкова, Е. М. (1960). "Андрей Сергеевич Фаминцын (К 40-летию со дня смерти)". Ботанический журнал. 45 (2). Л.: Наука. ISSN 0006-8136.
^ GSE: "Nonmoldboard Soil Cultivation".
^ Кряженков, Анатолий (2003). "Сметливые на все руки". Подъём. No. 2003–6.
^ Кондратьева, И., ed. (1994). "Алексеевка". Города России: энциклопедия. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. pp. 17–18. ISBN 5-85270-026-6.
^ Kreichi, Stanislav (10 November 1997). "The ANS Synthesizer: Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument". Theremin Center. Retrieved 13 December 2005.
^ Фёдорова, Наталья (2008). "Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа". Наше Наследие. No. 87.
^ ^a ^b Crom, Theodore (December 2001). "The Bronnikov Dynasty" (PDF). NAWCC bulletin. Vol. 43, no. 335. USA: National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. pp. 746–754. ISSN 1527-1609.
^ "Watch built from Bone! Wood you believe?". Watchismo Times. 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
^ ББЭ: «Кузнецов, Егор Григорьевич».
^ Смирнов, Александр (10 August 1995). "Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) (1725–1805 гг.)". Тагильский рабочий.
^ "The Optophonic Piano (1916)". The Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum. Archived from the original on 27 November 2001.
^ Эрлихман, Вадим (January–February 2006). "Сварено с огоньком". Энергия промышленного роста. No. 2006–1–2 [3]. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
^ Фокина, Т. А. "Часы вятских умельцев Бронниковых". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
^ Morachevsky, Aleksei (1 May 2002). "70th Anniversary of the Foundation of Russia's Aluminum Industry". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 75 (5). EU: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 856–860. doi:10.1023/A:1020399621412. ISSN 1608-3296. S2CID 195241510.
^ Корниенко, Аина. "Металлография". Исследовательский центр Модификатор. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ Ramakrishnan, P. (1983). "History of powder metallurgy" (PDF). Indian Journal of History Science. 18 (1): 109–114.
^ "ПЕТРОВ Григорий Семёнович". Виртуальный музей истории профсоюза работников нефтяной, газовой отраслей промышленности и строительства России. Нефтегазстройпрофсоюз России. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
^ Ружинский, С. Р.; Портик, А. А.; Савиных, А. В. (2006). Всё о пенобетоне (2 ed.). Строй Бетон. p. 88. ISBN 5-903197-01-9.
^ Vernadsky, Georgy (1969). "Rise of Science in Russia 1700–1917". The Russian Review. 28 (1). USA: Blackwell Publishing: 37–52. doi:10.2307/126984. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 126984.
^ Morton, Maurice (1999) [1987]. Rubber Technology (3 ed.). EU: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 236. ISBN 0-412-53950-0.
^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Inventors. USA: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
^ Burns, R. W. (1998). Television: An International History of the Formative Years. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 119. ISBN 0-85296-914-7.
^ "The Crystodyne Principle". Radio News. USA: Experimenter Publishing. September 1924. pp. 294–295, 431.
^ Morris, Peter (1990). A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. History of Technology. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 15. ISBN 0-86341-227-0.
^ Альманах "Великая Россия. Личности. Год 2003–й.". Vol. 2. М.: АСМО-пресс. 2004.
^ ^a ^b Измеров, Олег. "Отечественные мобильники 50-х". Окно в прошлое. Сенсации, преданные забвению. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
^ "Карманный радиотелефон". Наука и жизнь. No. 1958–10. М.: Правда. p. 66. ISSN 0028-1263.
^ Куприянович, Леонид (1957). "РАДИОТЕЛЕФОН". Наука и жизнь. No. 1957–8. М.: Правда. p. 49. ISSN 0028-1263.
^ Vonderheid, Erica (6 May 2005). "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.
^ "Страницы истории". Виртуальный музей информатики. Институт прикладной математики им. М. В. Келдыша РАН. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
^ GSE: "Cutting-Loading Machine"
^ Soviet Union Patent Application No. 9924
^ (in Russian) http://www.rosteplo.ru/Tech_stat/stat_shablon.php?id=349
^ ^a ^b (in English) http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/
^ (in Russian) http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=645734
^ (in Russian) http://www.industring.ru/mountain/mountain3.html
^ Смелянский, Василий (6 November 2005). "К вопросу о первой в мире нефтяной скважине". нефтеГАЗета. Archived from the original on 2006-06-21.
^ Matveichuk, Aleksandr (2011). "The Turbodrill of Engineer Kapelyushnikov". Oil of Russia. No. 2011–1. LUKOIL-Inform.
^ Прозоров, Ю. И. "Турбобур М. А. Капелюшникова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ "High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGR)". OKBM Afrikantov. Rosatom. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ "Stanley Transformer". Museum of Electricity and Magnetism. USA: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
^ Aaland, Mikkel (1998). "The Russian Bania. History of the Great Russian Bath". Cyber-Bohemia. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
^ Zheludev, Nikolai (April 2007). "The life and times of the LED: a 100-year history" (PDF). Nature Photonics. 1 (4). EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: UK: Macmillan Publishers: Nature Publishing Group: 189–192. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1..189Z. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.34.
^ "В Рязани производят кошерное сухое молоко". Наша Рязань. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b Кривошеев, Степан (22 October 2002). "Офис первого русского олигарха". Итоги. Vol. 42, no. 332.
^ Школьник, А. Е. (1988). "Русская печь XX века". Наука и жизнь. No. 1988–1. М.: Правда. p. 97. ISSN 0028-1263.
^ (in English) http://conveyor-tech.com/dictionary/catalog/10/index.html
^ Слёзкин, А. В. (2008). "Церковь Покрова в Пархомовке и её влияние на храмостроение неорусского стиля". Архитектурное наследство. 49. Российская академия архитектуры и строительных наук: 274–290.
^ Хан-Магомедов, Селим (1998). Архитектура Дагестана. Vol. 1–6. М.: Ладья, Архитектура-С. ISBN 5-7068-0105-3.

[9] It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.

[41] With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.

[47] The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.

[61] No application was found at the time of the invention.

[64] The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.

[1] Kuznetsov, Pavel (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309). UK: The Antiquity Trust: 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162580424.

[2] Резепкин, Алексей (2005). "Проблема происхождения колёсного транспорта и его появления на Северном Кавказе". Тезисы и доклады. 4-ая Кубанская археологическая конференция.

[3] Insulander, Ragnar (2002). "The Two-Wood Bow" (PDF). Acta Borealia. 19 (2002–1). UK: Taylor & Francis: Routledge: 49–73. doi:10.1080/08003830215543. ISSN 1503-111X. S2CID 144012834.

[4] Шахов, Олег. "Скифский лук". Пехота. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

[5] БСЭ: «Лён».

[6] Nelson, Sarah (2004). Gender in archaeology: analyzing power and prestige. Gender and archaeology. Vol. 9. USA: Rowman & Littlefield: AltaMira Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7591-0496-9.

[7] Подольный, Роман; Бромлей, Юлиан (1984). Создано человечеством. М.: Политиздат. pp. 100–101.

[8] Омельницкий, Пётр. "Чудеса России: Мост возле Закубежья". Национальная Медия Группа: Известия, ВГТРК: Россия.

[10] Понизовкин, Андрей (September 2003). "Куда шагал Шигирский идол?" (PDF). Наука Урала. No. 2003–20 [848]. Уральское отделение Российской академии наук.

[11] "Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)". Beekeeping in Ukraine. Retrieved 21 May 2011.

[12] Демиденко, Надія (2009). "Життєвий і творчий шлях П. І. Прокоповича (1775–1850) – патріарха вітчизняної бджільницької науки" (PDF). Історія науки і біографістика (2009–2). Національна академія аграрних наук України.

[13] Деревянченко, Анатолий; Чулков, Алексей (1990). Волжский самородок: Страницы жизни Ф. А. Блинова. Их имена в истории края. Саратов: Приволжское книжное издательство.

[14] Стародубцев, В. М.; Шаповалов, Ю. С. "Первый Российский гусеничный трактор Ф. А. Блинова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[15] Griffiths, Anthony; Gelbart, William; Miller, Jeffrey; Lewontin, Richard (1999). "Chapter 8. Chromosome Mutations". Modern Genetic Analysis. EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: USA: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5.

[16] GSE: "Plant Cultivation Under Artificial Illumination".

[17] Сенченкова, Е. М. (1960). "Андрей Сергеевич Фаминцын (К 40-летию со дня смерти)". Ботанический журнал. 45 (2). Л.: Наука. ISSN 0006-8136.

[18] GSE: "Nonmoldboard Soil Cultivation".

[19] Кряженков, Анатолий (2003). "Сметливые на все руки". Подъём. No. 2003–6.

[20] Кондратьева, И., ed. (1994). "Алексеевка". Города России: энциклопедия. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. pp. 17–18. ISBN 5-85270-026-6.

[21] Kreichi, Stanislav (10 November 1997). "The ANS Synthesizer: Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument". Theremin Center. Retrieved 13 December 2005.

[22] Фёдорова, Наталья (2008). "Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа". Наше Наследие. No. 87.

[RefA-23] Crom, Theodore (December 2001). "The Bronnikov Dynasty" (PDF). NAWCC bulletin. Vol. 43, no. 335. USA: National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. pp. 746–754. ISSN 1527-1609.

[24] "Watch built from Bone! Wood you believe?". Watchismo Times. 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2011.

[25] ББЭ: «Кузнецов, Егор Григорьевич».

[26] Смирнов, Александр (10 August 1995). "Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) (1725–1805 гг.)". Тагильский рабочий.

[27] "The Optophonic Piano (1916)". The Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum. Archived from the original on 27 November 2001.

[RefB-28] Эрлихман, Вадим (January–February 2006). "Сварено с огоньком". Энергия промышленного роста. No. 2006–1–2 [3]. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

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Ancient inventions

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