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Launches and orbital flights

[edit]
Mission Launch date Shuttle Launch pad Launching astronauts Landing astronauts Total crew[a] Duration Landing date Landing site Notes Refs.
STS-1
 12 April 1981
12:00:04 UTC
07:00:04 EST 		Columbia LC-39A United States John Young
United States Robert Crippen 		2 02d 06h 14 April 1981
18:20:57 UTC
10:20:57 PST 		Edwards, California
  • First orbital flight test
  • First reusable orbital spacecraft flight
  • Maiden flight of Columbia
  • Maiden flight of the Space Shuttle program
 [1]
[2]
[3]
STS-2
 12 November 1981
15:10:00 UTC
10:10:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A United States Joe Engle
United States Richard H. Truly 		2 02d 06h 14 November 1981
21:23:12 UTC
13:23:12 PST 		Edwards, California
  • Second orbital flight test
  • First reuse of a crewed orbital space vehicle
  • First test of Canadarm robot arm
  • Truncated due to fuel cell problem
  • Shortest orbital mission flown
 [4]
[5]
[6]
STS-3
 22 March 1982
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A United States Jack R. Lousma
United States C. Gordon Fullerton 		2 08d 00h 22 March 1982
16:04:45 UTC
9:04:45 MST 		White Sands, New Mexico [7]
[8]
[9]
STS-4
 27 June 1982
15:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39A United States Ken Mattingly
United States Henry Hartsfield 		2 07d 01h 27 June 1982
16:09:40 UTC
9:09:40 PDT 		Edwards, California [10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
STS-5
 11 November 1982
12:19:00 UTC
07:19:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A United States Vance D. Brand
United States Robert F. Overmyer
United States Joseph P. Allen
United States William B. Lenoir 		4 05d 02h 16 November 1982
14:33:26 UTC
6:33:26 PST 		Edwards, California [14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
STS-6
 4 April 1983
18:30:00 UTC
13:30:00 EST 		Challenger LC-39A United States Paul J. Weitz
United States Karol J. Bobko
United States Story Musgrave
United States Donald H. Peterson 		4 05d 00h 9 April 1983
18:53:42 UTC
10:53:42 PST 		Edwards, California [18]
[19]
STS-7
 18 June 1983
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT 		Challenger LC-39A United States Robert Crippen (2)
United States Frederick Hauck
United States John M. Fabian
United States Sally Ride
United States Norman Thagard 		5 06d 02h 24 June 1983
13:56:59 UTC
6:56:59 PDT 		Edwards, California [20]
[21]
STS-8
 30 August 1983
06:32:00 UTC
02:32:00 EDT 		Challenger LC-39A United States Richard H. Truly (2)
United States Daniel Brandenstein
United States Guion Bluford
United States Dale Gardner
United States William E. Thornton 		5 06d 01h 5 September 1983
07:40:43 UTC
12:40:43 PDT 		Edwards, California
  • Comsat deployment
  • First flight of an African American in space, Guion Bluford
  • Test of robot arm on heavy payloads with Payload Flight Test Article
  • First night launch
  • First night landing
 [22]
[23]
STS-9
 28 November 1983
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A United States John Young (2)
United States Brewster H. Shaw
United States Owen Garriott
United States Robert A. Parker
West Germany Ulf Merbold
United States Byron K. Lichtenberg 		6 10d 07h 8 December 1983
23:47:24 UTC
15:47:24 PST 		Edwards, California [24]
[25]
STS-41-B
 3 February 1984
13:00:00 UTC
08:00:00 EST 		Challenger LC-39A United States Vance D. Brand (2)
United States Robert L. Gibson
United States Bruce McCandless II
United States Robert L. Stewart
United States Ronald McNair 		5 07d 23h 11 February 1984
12:15:55 UTC
7:15:55 EST 		Kennedy SLF, Florida [26]
[27]
STS-41-C
 6 April 1984
13:58:00 UTC
08:58:00 EST 		Challenger LC-39A United States Robert Crippen (3)
United States Dick Scobee
United States Terry Hart
United States James van Hoften
United States George Nelson 		5 06d 23h 13 April 1984
13:38:07 UTC
5:38:07 PST 		Edwards, California [28]
[29]
[30]
STS-41-D
 30 August 1984
12:41:50 UTC
08:41:50 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A United States Henry Hartsfield (2)
United States Michael Coats
United States Mike Mullane
United States Steven Hawley
United States Judith Resnik
United States Charles D. Walker 		6 06d 00h 5 September 1984
13:37:54 UTC
6:37:54 PDT 		Edwards, California
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Maiden flight of Discovery
  • Test of OAST-1 Solar Array
 [31]
[32]
STS-41-G
 5 October 1984
11:03:00 UTC
07:03:00 EDT 		Challenger LC-39A United States Robert Crippen (4)
United States Jon McBride
United States Kathryn D. Sullivan
United States Sally Ride (2)
United States David Leestma
United States/Australia Paul Scully-Power
Canada Marc Garneau 		7 08d 05h 13 October 1984
16:26:33 UTC
12:26:38 EDT 		Kennedy SLF, Flordia [33]
[34]
STS-51-A
 8 November 1984
12:15:00 UTC
07:15:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39A United States Frederick Hauck (2)
United States David M. Walker
United States Joseph P. Allen (2)
United States Anna Lee Fisher
United States Dale Gardner (2) 		5 07d 23h 16 November 1984
11:59:56 UTC
6:59:56 EST 		Kennedy SLF, Florida
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Retrieval of two other comsats (Palapa B2 and Westar VI), which were subsequently refurbished on Earth and reflown
 [35]
[36]
STS-51-C
 24 January 1985
19:50:00 UTC
14:50:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39A United States Ken Mattingly (2)
United States Loren Shriver
United States Ellison Onizuka
United States James Buchli
United States Gary Payton 		5 03d 01h 27 January 1985
21:23:23 UTC
4:23:23 EST 		Kennedy SLF, Florida [11]
[37]
[38]
STS-51-D
 12 April 1985
13:59:05 UTC
08:59:05 EST 		Discovery LC-39A United States Karol J. Bobko (2)
United States Donald E. Williams
United States Rhea Seddon
United States S. David Griggs
United States Jeffrey A. Hoffman
United States Charles D. Walker (2)
United States Jake Garn 		7 06d 23h 19 April 1985
13:54:28 UTC
8:54:28 EST 		Kennedy SLF, Flordia [39]
[40]
STS-51-B
 29 April 1985
16:02:18 UTC
12:02:18 EDT 		Challenger LC-39A United States Robert F. Overmyer (2)
United States Frederick D. Gregory
United States Don Lind
United States Norman Thagard (2)
United States William E. Thornton (2)
United States Lodewijk van den Berg
United States Taylor Wang 		7 07d 00h 6 May 1985
16:11:04 UTC
9:11:04 PDT 		Edwards, California
  • First mission with Spacelab module in a fully operational configuration
  • Conducted experiments in microgravity
  • First African-American Space Shuttle pilot, Frederick D. Gregory
 [41]
[42]
STS-51-G
 17 June 1985
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A United States Daniel Brandenstein (2)
United States John Oliver Creighton
United States John M. Fabian (2)
United States Steven R. Nagel
United States Shannon Lucid
France Patrick Baudry
Saudi Arabia Sultan bin Salman Al Saud 		7 07d 01h 24 June 1985
13:11:52 UTC
6:11:52 PDT 		Edwards, California [43]
[44]
STS-51-F
 29 July 1985
22:00:00 UTC
18:00:00 EDT 		Challenger LC-39A United States C. Gordon Fullerton (2)
United States Roy D. Bridges Jr.
United States Karl Gordon Henize
United States Story Musgrave (2)
United States Anthony W. England
United States Loren Acton
United States John-David F. Bartoe 		7 07d 22h 6 August 1985
19:45:26 UTC
12:45:26 PDT 		Edwards, California
  • Spacelab mission
  • Abort to Orbit. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned.
  • All mission objectives achieved
 [45]
[46]
STS-51-I
 27 August 1985
10:58:01 UTC
06:58:01 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A United States Joe Engle (2)
United States Richard O. Covey
United States James van Hoften (2)
United States John M. Lounge
United States William Frederick Fisher 		5 07d 02h 3 September 1985
13:15:43 UTC
6:15:43 PDT 		Edwards, California [47]
[48]
STS-51-J
 3 October 1985
15:15:30 UTC
11:15:30 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A United States Karol J. Bobko (3)
United States Ronald J. Grabe
United States David C. Hilmers
United States Robert L. Stewart (2)
United States William A. Pailes 		5 04d 01h 7 October 1985
17:00:08 UTC
10:00:08 PDT 		Edwards, California [11]
[49]
[50]
STS-61-A
 30 October 1985
17:00:00 UTC
12:00:00 EST 		Challenger LC-39A United States Henry Hartsfield (3)
United States Steven R. Nagel (2)
United States Bonnie J. Dunbar
United States James Buchli (2)
United States Guion Bluford (2)
West Germany Reinhard Furrer
West Germany Ernst Messerschmid
Netherlands Wubbo Ockels 		8 07d 00h 30 October 1985
17:00:00 UTC
12:00:00 EST 		Edwards
  • Largest crew on a spaceflight
  • Third flight of Spacelab
  • Spacelab-D1 microgravity experiments
  • Mission funded by West Germany
  • Last successful mission of Challenger
  • First Dutchman in space, Wubbo Ockels
 [51]
[52]
STS-61-B
 26 November 1985
24:29:00 UTC
19:29:00 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A United States Brewster H. Shaw (2)
United States Bryan D. O'Connor
United States Jerry L. Ross
United States Mary L. Cleave
United States Sherwood C. Spring
United States Charles D. Walker
Mexico Rodolfo Neri Vela 		7 06d 21h 3 December 1985
21:33:49 UTC
1:33:49 EST 		Edwards, California [53]
[54]
STS-61-C
 12 January 1986
11:55:00 UTC
06:55:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A United States Robert L. Gibson (2)
United States Charles Bolden
United States George Nelson (2)
United States Steven Hawley
United States/Costa Rica Franklin Chang-Díaz
United States Bill Nelson
United States Robert J. Cenker 		7 06d 02h 12 January 1986
11:55:00 UTC
06:55:00 EST 		Edwards [55]
[56]
STS-51-L
 28 January 1986
16:38:00 UTC
11:38:00 EST 		Challenger LC-39B United States Dick Scobee (2)
United States Michael J. Smith (2)
United States Ellison Onizuka (2)
United States Judith Resnik (2)
United States Ronald McNair (2)
United States Gregory Jarvis
United States Christa McAuliffe 		— 7 00d 00h 01m 13s — Did not land[b] [57]
[58]
STS-26
 29 September 1988
15:37:00 UTC
11:37:00 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B United States Frederick Hauck (3)
United States Richard O. Covey (2)
United States John M. Lounge (2)
United States David C. Hilmers (2)
United States Ronald McNair (2)
United States Gregory Jarvis
United States George Nelson (3) 		5 04d 01h 3 October 1988
16:37:11 UTC
9:37:11 PDT 		Edwards, California
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-C) deployment
  • First post-Challenger flight
  • First Space Shuttle mission with an all-veteran crew
 [59]
[60]
STS-27
 2 December 1988
14:30:34 UTC
09:30:34 EST 		Atlantis LC-39B 5 04d 09h Edwards [11]
[61]
[62]
[63]
STS-29
 13 March 1989
14:57:00 UTC
09:57:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39B 5 04d 23h Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-D) deployment
  • IMAX camera
  • Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element I space station radiator experiment
 [64]
[65]
STS-30
 4 May 1989
18:46:59 UTC
14:46:59 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 5 04d 00h Edwards
  • Magellan Venus probe deployment
  • First post-Challenger flight to carry a female astronaut
 [66]
[67]
STS-28
 8 August 1989
12:37:00 UTC
08:37:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 5 05d 01h Edwards [11]
[68]
[69]
STS-34
 18 October 1989
16:53:40 UTC
12:53:40 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 5 04d 23h Edwards [70]
[71]
STS-33
 22 November 1989
24:23:30 UTC
19:23:30 EST 		Discovery LC-39B 5 05d 00h Edwards [11]
[72]
[73]
[74]
STS-32
 9 January 1990
12:35:00 UTC
07:35:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A 5 10d 21h Edwards [75]
[76]
STS-36
 28 February 1990
07:50:22 UTC
02:50:22 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 5 04d 10h Edwards [11]
[77]
[78]
STS-31
 24 April 1990
12:33:51 UTC
08:33:51 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 5 05d 01h Edwards [79]
[80]
STS-41
 6 October 1990
11:47:15 UTC
07:47:15 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 5 04d 02h Edwards [81]
[82]
STS-38
 15 November 1990
23:48:15 UTC
18:48:15 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 5 04d 21h Kennedy SLF
  • Seventh classified DoD mission
  • Likely SDS2-2 deployed
 [11]
[83]
[84]
STS-35
 2 December 1990
06:49:01 UTC
01:49:01 EST 		Columbia LC-39B 7 08d 23h Edwards
  • Use of ASTRO-1 observatory
 [85]
[86]
STS-37
 5 April 1991
14:22:45 UTC
09:22:45 EST 		Atlantis LC-39B 5 05d 23h Edwards [87]
[88]
STS-39
 28 April 1991
11:33:14 UTC
07:33:14 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7 08d 07h Kennedy SLF
  • First unclassified DoD mission (eighth DoD mission overall)
  • Military science experiments
 [11]
[89]
[90]
STS-40
 5 June 1991
13:24:51 UTC
09:24:51 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 7 09d 02h Edwards
  • Spacelab mission
  • First space mission with three women
 [91]
[92]
STS-43
 2 August 1991
15:02:00 UTC
11:02:00 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 5 08d 21h Kennedy SLF
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-E) deployment
 [93]
[94]
STS-48
 12 September 1991
23:11:04 UTC
19:11:04 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 5 05d 08h Edwards [95]
[96]
STS-44
 24 November 1991
23:44:00 UTC
18:44:00 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 6 06d 22h Edwards
  • Second unclassified DoD mission (ninth DoD mission overall)
  • DSP satellite deployment
 [97]
[98]
STS-42
 22 January 1992
14:52:33 UTC
09:52:33 EST 		Discovery LC-39A 7 08d 01h Edwards [99]
[100]
STS-45
 24 March 1992
13:13:40 UTC
08:13:40 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 7 08d 22h Kennedy SLF
  • ATLAS-1 science platform
  • Second African-American Space Shuttle commander, Charles Bolden
 [101]
[102]
STS-49
 7 May 1992
23:40:00 UTC
19:40:00 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39B 7 08d 21h Edwards [103]
[104]
STS-50
 25 June 1992
16:12:23 UTC
12:12:23 EDT 		Columbia LC-39A 7 13d 19h Kennedy SLF [105]
[106]
STS-46
 31 July 1992
13:56:48 UTC
09:56:48 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 7 07d 23h Kennedy SLF [107]
[108]
STS-47
 12 September 1992
14:23:00 UTC
10:23:00 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39B 7 07d 22h Kennedy SLF [109]
[110]
STS-52
 22 October 1992
17:09:39 UTC
13:09:39 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 6 09d 20h Kennedy SLF
  • LAGEOS II deployment
  • Microgravity experiments
 [111]
[112]
STS-53
 2 December 1992
13:24:00 UTC
08:24:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39A 5 07d 07h Edwards
  • Partially classified 10th and final DoD mission
  • Likely deployment of SDS2 satellite
 [11]
[113]
[114]
STS-54
 13 January 1993
13:59:30 UTC
08:59:30 EST 		Endeavour LC-39B 5 05d 23h Kennedy SLF
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-F) deployment
 [115]
[116]
STS-56
 8 April 1993
05:29:00 UTC
01:29:00 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 5 09d 06h Kennedy SLF
  • ATLAS-2 science platform
 [117]
[118]
STS-55
 26 April 1993
14:50:00 UTC
10:50:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39A 7 09d 23h Edwards [119]
[120]
STS-57
 21 June 1993
13:07:22 UTC
09:07:22 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39B 6 09d 23h Kennedy SLF [121]
[122]
STS-51
 12 September 1993
11:45:00 UTC
07:45:00 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 5 09d 20h Kennedy SLF
  • ACTS satellite deployed
  • Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer with IMAX camera deployed
  • First night landing at Kennedy Space Center
 [123]
[124]
STS-58
 18 October 1993
14:53:10 UTC
10:53:10 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 7 14d 00h Edwards [125]
[126]
STS-61
 2 December 1993
09:27:00 UTC
04:27:00 EST 		Endeavour LC-39B 7 10d 19h Kennedy SLF [127]
[128]
STS-60
 3 February 1994
12:10:00 UTC
07:10:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39A 6 07d 06h Kennedy SLF [129]
[130]
STS-62
 4 March 1994
13:53:00 UTC
08:53:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39B 5 13d 23h Kennedy SLF
  • Microgravity experiments
 [131]
[132]
STS-59
 9 April 1994
11:05:00 UTC
07:05:00 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 6 11d 05h Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Shuttle Radar Laboratory-1
 [133]
[134]
STS-65
 8 July 1994
04:43:00 UTC
00:43:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39A 7 14d 17h Kennedy SLF [135]
[136]
STS-64
 9 September 1994
22:22:05 UTC
18:22:05 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 6 10d 22h Edwards
  • Multiple science experiments
  • SPARTAN
 [137]
[138]
STS-68
 30 September 1994
11:16:00 UTC
07:16:00 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 6 11d 05h Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Space Radar Laboratory-2
 [139]
[140]
STS-66
 3 November 1994
16:59:43 UTC
11:59:43 EST 		Atlantis LC-39B 6 10d 22h Edwards
  • ATLAS-3 science platform
 [141]
[142]
STS-63
 3 February 1995
05:22:04 UTC
00:22:04 EST 		Discovery LC-39B 6 08d 06h Kennedy SLF [143]
[144]
STS-67
 2 March 1995
06:38:13 UTC
01:38:13 EST 		Endeavour LC-39A 7 16d 15h Edwards
  • ASTRO-2 Deployment
 [145]
[146]
STS-71
 27 June 1995
19:32:19 UTC
15:32:19 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 7/8 09d 19h Kennedy SLF
  • First Shuttle-Mir docking
 [147]
[148]
STS-70
 13 July 1995
13:41:55 UTC
09:41:55 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 5 08d 22h Kennedy SLF
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-G) deployment
 [149]
[150]
STS-69
 7 September 1995
15:09:00 UTC
11:09:00 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 5 10d 20h Kennedy SLF [151]
[152]
STS-73
 20 October 1995
13:53:00 UTC
09:53:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 7 15d 21h Kennedy SLF [153]
[154]
STS-74
 12 November 1995
12:30:43 UTC
07:30:43 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 5 08d 04h Kennedy SLF
  • Second Shuttle-Mir docking
  • Delivered docking module
  • Delivered IMAX cargo bay camera
 [155]
[156]
STS-72
 11 January 1996
09:41:00 UTC
04:41:00 EST 		Endeavour LC-39B 6 08d 22h Kennedy SLF [157]
[158]
STS-75
 22 February 1996
20:18:00 UTC
15:18:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39B 7 15d 17h Kennedy SLF
  • Tethered satellite reflight, lost due to broken tether
 [159]
[160]
STS-76
 22 March 1996
08:13:04 UTC
03:13:04 EST 		Atlantis LC-39B 6/5 09d 05h Edwards
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [161]
[162]
STS-77
 19 May 1996
10:30:00 UTC
06:30:00 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39B 6 10d 00h Kennedy SLF [163]
[164]
STS-78
 20 June 1996
14:49:00 UTC
10:49:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 7 16d 21h Kennedy SLF [165]
[166]
STS-79
 16 September 1996
08:54:49 UTC
04:54:49 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 6/6 10d 03h Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [167]
[168]
STS-80
 19 November 1996
19:55:47 UTC
14:55:47 EST 		Columbia LC-39B 5 17d 15h Kennedy SLF
  • Wake Shield Facility
  • Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ORFEUS) II
  • Longest Space Shuttle mission flown
  • Story Musgrave becomes the only astronaut to fly on all five Space Shuttle orbiters
 [169]
[170]
STS-81
 12 January 1997
09:27:23 UTC
04:27:23 EST 		Atlantis LC-39B 6/6 10d 04h Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [171]
[172]
STS-82
 11 February 1997
08:55:17 UTC
03:55:17 EST 		Discovery LC-39A 7 09d 23h Kennedy SLF [173]
[174]
STS-83
 4 April 1997
19:20:32 UTC
14:20:32 EST 		Columbia LC-39A 7 03d 23h Kennedy SLF [175]
[176]
STS-84
 15 May 1997
08:07:48 UTC
04:07:48 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 7/7 09d 05h Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [177]
[178]
STS-94
 1 July 1997
18:02:00 UTC
14:02:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39A 7 15d 16h Kennedy SLF [179]
[180]
STS-85
 7 August 1997
14:41:00 UTC
10:41:00 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 6 11d 20h Kennedy SLF
  • Deployed and retrieved Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS)
 [181]
[182]
STS-86
 25 September 1997
14:34:19 UTC
10:34:19 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 7/7 10d 19h Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [183]
[184]
STS-87
 19 November 1997
19:46:00 UTC
14:46:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39B 6 15d 16h Kennedy SLF [185]
[186]
STS-89
 22 January 1998
02:48:15 UTC[c]
21:48:15 EST 		Endeavour LC-39A 7/7 08d 19h Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [187]
[188]
STS-90
 17 April 1998
18:19:00 UTC
14:19:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 7 15d 21h Kennedy SLF [189]
[190]
STS-91
 2 June 1998
22:06:24 UTC
18:06:24 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 6/7 09d 19h Kennedy SLF
  • Last Shuttle-Mir docking
 [191]
[192]
STS-95
 29 October 1998
19:19:34 UTC
14:19:34 EST 		Discovery LC-39B 7 08d 21h Kennedy SLF [193]
[194]
STS-88
 4 December 1998
08:35:34 UTC
03:35:34 EST 		Endeavour LC-39A 6 11d 19h Kennedy SLF [195]
[196]
STS-96
 27 May 1999
10:49:42 UTC
06:49:42 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 7 09d 19h Kennedy SLF [197]
[198]
STS-93
 23 July 1999
04:31:00 UTC
00:31:00 EDT 		Columbia LC-39B 5 04d 22h Kennedy SLF [199]
[200]
STS-103
 19 December 1999
00:50:00 UTC[c]
19:50:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39B 7 07d 23h Kennedy SLF [201]
[202]
STS-99
 11 February 2000
16:43:40 UTC
12:43:40 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 6 11d 05h Kennedy SLF [203]
[204]
STS-101
 19 May 2000
10:11:10 UTC
06:11:10 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 7 09d 21h Kennedy SLF [205]
[206]
STS-106
 8 September 2000
12:45:47 UTC
08:45:47 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 7 11d 19h Kennedy SLF [207]
[208]
STS-92
 11 October 2000
23:17:00 UTC
18:17:00 EST 		Discovery LC-39A 7 12d 21h Edwards [209]
[210]
STS-97
 30 November 2000
03:06:01 UTC[c]
22:06:01 EST 		Endeavour LC-39B 5 10d 19h Kennedy SLF [211]
[212]
STS-98
 7 February 2001
23:13:02 UTC
18:13:02 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 5 12d 21h Edwards [213]
[214]
STS-102
 8 March 2001
11:42:09 UTC
06:42:09 EST 		Discovery LC-39B 7/7 12d 19h Kennedy SLF
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [215]
[216]
STS-100
 19 April 2001
18:40:42 UTC
14:40:42 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 7 11d 21h Edwards [217]
[218]
STS-104
 12 July 2001
09:03:59 UTC
05:03:59 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 5 12d 18h Kennedy SLF [219]
[220]
STS-105
 10 August 2001
21:10:14 UTC
17:10:14 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7/7 11d 21h Kennedy SLF
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [221]
[222]
STS-108
 5 December 2001
22:19:28 UTC
17:19:28 EST 		Endeavour LC-39B 7/7 11d 19h Kennedy SLF
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [223]
[224]
STS-109
 1 March 2002
11:22:02 UTC
06:22:02 EST 		Columbia LC-39A 7 10d 22h Kennedy SLF [225]
[226]
STS-110
 8 April 2002
20:44:19 UTC
16:44:19 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 7 10d 19h Kennedy SLF [227]
[228]
STS-111
 5 June 2002
21:22:49 UTC
17:22:49 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 7/7 13d 20h Edwards [229]
[230]
STS-112
 7 October 2002
19:45:51 UTC
15:45:51 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 6 10d 19h Kennedy SLF [231]
[232]
STS-113
 23 November 2002
00:49:47 UTC[c]
19:49:47 EST 		Endeavour LC-39A 7/7 13d 18h Kennedy SLF [233]
[234]
STS-107
 16 January 2003
15:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EST 		Columbia LC-39A 7 15d 22h Did not land[b] [235]
[236]
STS-114
 26 July 2005
14:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 7 13d 21h Edwards
  • First post Columbia flight
  • Flight safety Evaluation/testing
  • ISS supply/repair
  • MPLM Raffaello
 [237]
[238]
STS-121
 4 July 2006
18:37:55 UTC
14:37:55 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 7/6 12d 18h Kennedy SLF
  • ISS Flight ULF1.1: supply and crew rotation
  • MPLM Leonardo
 [239]
[240]
STS-115
 9 September 2006
15:14:55 UTC
11:14:55 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39B 6 11d 19h Kennedy SLF [241]
[242]
STS-116
 9 December 2006
24:47:35 UTC
20:47:35 EDT 		Discovery LC-39B 7/7 12d 21h Kennedy SLF [243]
[244]
STS-117
 8 June 2007
23:38:04 UTC
19:38:04 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 7/7 13d 20h Edwards [245]
[246]
STS-118
 8 August 2007
22:36:42 UTC
18:36:42 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 7 12d 18h Kennedy SLF [247]
[248]
STS-120
 23 October 2007
15:38:19 UTC
11:38:19 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7/7 15d 02h Kennedy SLF [249]
[250]
STS-122
 7 February 2008
19:45:30 UTC
14:45:30 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 7/7 12d 18h Kennedy SLF [251]
[252]
STS-123
 11 March 2008
06:28:14 UTC
02:28:14 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 7/7 15d 18h Kennedy SLF [253]
[254]
STS-124
 31 May 2008
21:02:12 UTC
17:02:12 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7/7 13d 18h Kennedy SLF [255]
[256]
STS-126
 14 November 2008
24:55:39 UTC
19:55:39 EST 		Endeavour LC-39A 7/7 15d 20h Edwards [257]
[258]
STS-119
 15 March 2009
23:43:44 UTC
19:43:44 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7/7 12d 19h Kennedy SLF [259]
[260]
STS-125
 11 May 2009
18:01:56 UTC
14:01:56 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 7 12d 21h Edwards [261]
[262]
[263]
STS-127
 15 July 2009
22:03:10 UTC
18:03:10 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 7/7 15d 16h Kennedy SLF
  • ISS assembly flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES
 [264]
[265]
STS-128
 28 August 2009
03:59:37 UTC[c]
23:59:37 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7/7 13d 21h Edwards [266]
[267]
STS-129
 16 November 2009
19:28:01 UTC
14:28:01 EST 		Atlantis LC-39A 6/7 10d 19h Kennedy SLF [268]
[269]
STS-130
 8 February 2010
09:14:07 UTC
04:14:07 EST 		Endeavour LC-39A 6 13d 18h Kennedy SLF [270]
[271]
STS-131
 5 April 2010
10:21:25 UTC
06:21:25 EDT 		Discovery LC-39A 7 15d 03h Kennedy SLF [272]
[273]
STS-132
 14 May 2010
18:20:09 UTC
14:20:09 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 6 11d 18h Kennedy SLF [274]
[275]
STS-133
 24 February 2011
21:53:24 UTC
16:53:24 EST 		Discovery LC-39A 6 12d 19h Kennedy SLF [276]
[277]
STS-134
 16 May 2011
12:56:28 UTC
08:56:28 EDT 		Endeavour LC-39A 6 15d 18h Kennedy SLF [278]
[279]
STS-135
 8 July 2011
15:29:04 UTC
11:29:04 EDT 		Atlantis LC-39A 4 12d 18h Kennedy SLF [280]
[281]
[282]

Corporate

[edit]
List of corporate launch service providers
Provider Origin Established Services Refs.
AgniKul Cosmos India 1 December 2017
  • Launch vehicles
  • Commercial launches
  • Satellite systems
  • Satellite propulsion systems
 [283]
Antrix Corporation India 28 September 1992
  • Ground Infrastructure for Space based Needs
  • Mission Support
  • Remote sensing
  • Satellite launch
  • Spacecraft and Subsystems
  • Transponder provisioning
 [284]
Arianespace France 26 March 1980
  • Launch vehicles
  • Commercial launches
 [284][285]: 34 
Astra Space Inc. United States 1 October 2016
  • Commercial launches
  • Launch vehicles
  • Satellite propulsion systems
 [284]
Blue Origin United States 8 September 2000
  • Commercial launches
  • Launch vehicles
  • Lunar landers
  • Spacecrafts
  • Space station
 [284]
CAS Space China 1 April 2018
  • Commercial launches
  • Launch vehicles
 [286]
Deep Blue Aerospace China 1 November 2016
  • Commercial launches
  • Launch vehicles
 [287]
Eurockot Launch Services Germany 1995
  • Commercial launches
  • Launch vehicles
 Website

Former corporate

[edit]

Governmental and State-owned

[edit]
[edit]
  1. ^ If there are two numbers in this column, it signifies the number of astronauts launched and landed with, respectively. If the two numbers are the same, this indicates a crew swap took place during the mission.
  2. ^ a b This shuttle was intended to land at the Kennedy SLF, Florida.
  3. ^ a b c d e The listed UTC time occurs the next day.
  1. ^ Duggins, p. 58.
  2. ^ Chen, p. 9.
  3. ^ Goodwin, pp. 41–201.
  4. ^ Duggins, p. 64.
  5. ^ Chen, p. 11.
  6. ^ Goodwin, pp. 206–264.
  7. ^ Chen, p. 13.
  8. ^ Goodwin, pp. 267–344.
  9. ^ Wilford, John Noble (18 March 1982). "Space Shuttle Landing Site Is Shifted Because of Rains". The New York Times. ProQuest 121923320.
  10. ^ Goodwin, pp. 348–409.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cassutt, Michael (August 2009). "Secret Space Shuttles". Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  12. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-4". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  13. ^ Chen, p. 15.
  14. ^ Goodwin, pp. 412–463.
  15. ^ Duggins, p. 65.
  16. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-5". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  17. ^ Chen, p. 17.
  18. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  19. ^ Chen, p. 19.
  20. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  21. ^ Chen, p. 21.
  22. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  23. ^ Chen, p. 23.
  24. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-9". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  25. ^ Chen, p. 25.
  26. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  27. ^ Chen, p. 27.
  28. ^ Wilford, John Noble (5 April 1984). "Space Shuttle Poised For First Service Call On Satellite in Orbit". The New York Times. ProQuest 122322581.
  29. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  30. ^ Chen, p. 29.
  31. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41D". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  32. ^ Chen, p. 31.
  33. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  34. ^ Chen, p. 33.
  35. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  36. ^ Chen, p. 35.
  37. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  38. ^ Chen, p. 37.
  39. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  40. ^ Chen, p. 39.
  41. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  42. ^ Chen, p. 41.
  43. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  44. ^ Chen, p. 43.
  45. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51F". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  46. ^ Chen, p. 45.
  47. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51I". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  48. ^ Chen, p. 47.
  49. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51J". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  50. ^ Chen, p. 49.
  51. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  52. ^ Chen, p. 51.
  53. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  54. ^ Chen, p. 53.
  55. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  56. ^ Chen, p. 55.
  57. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51L". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  58. ^ Chen, p. 57.
  59. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-26". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  60. ^ Chen, p. 59.
  61. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-27". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  62. ^ Chen, p. 61.
  63. ^ "Shuttle Atlantis almost lost in 1988". Bad Astronomy. 2009-03-31. Archived from the original on 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  64. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-29". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  65. ^ Chen, p. 63.
  66. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-30". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  67. ^ Chen, p. 65.
  68. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-28". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  69. ^ Chen, p. 67.
  70. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-34". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  71. ^ Chen, p. 69.
  72. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-33". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  73. ^ "Diversity in Space". NASA. 2005-02-24. Archived from the original on 2005-03-06.
  74. ^ Chen, p. 71.
  75. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-32". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  76. ^ Chen, p. 73.
  77. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-36". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  78. ^ Chen, p. 75.
  79. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-31". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  80. ^ Chen, p. 77.
  81. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  82. ^ Chen, p. 79.
  83. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-38". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  84. ^ Chen, p. 81.
  85. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-35". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  86. ^ Chen, p. 83.
  87. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-37". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  88. ^ Chen, p. 85.
  89. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-39". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  90. ^ Chen, p. 87.
  91. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-40". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  92. ^ Chen, p. 89.
  93. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-43". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  94. ^ Chen, p. 91.
  95. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-48". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  96. ^ Chen, p. 93.
  97. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-44". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  98. ^ Chen, p. 95.
  99. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-42". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  100. ^ Chen, p. 97.
  101. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-45". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  102. ^ Chen, p. 99.
  103. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-49". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  104. ^ Chen, p. 101.
  105. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-50". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  106. ^ Chen, p. 103.
  107. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-46". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  108. ^ Chen, p. 105.
  109. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-47". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  110. ^ Chen, p. 107.
  111. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-52". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  112. ^ Chen, p. 109.
  113. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-53". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  114. ^ Chen, p. 111.
  115. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-54". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  116. ^ Chen, p. 113.
  117. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-56". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  118. ^ Chen, p. 115.
  119. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-55". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  120. ^ Chen, p. 117.
  121. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-57". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  122. ^ Chen, p. 119.
  123. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  124. ^ Chen, p. 121.
  125. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-58". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  126. ^ Chen, p. 123.
  127. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  128. ^ Chen, p. 125.
  129. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-60". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  130. ^ Chen, p. 127.
  131. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-62". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  132. ^ Chen, p. 129.
  133. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-59". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  134. ^ Chen, p. 131.
  135. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-65". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  136. ^ Chen, p. 133.
  137. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-64". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  138. ^ Chen, p. 135.
  139. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-68". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  140. ^ Chen, p. 137.
  141. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-66". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  142. ^ Chen, p. 139.
  143. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-63". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  144. ^ Chen, p. 141.
  145. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-67". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  146. ^ Chen, p. 143.
  147. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-71". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  148. ^ Chen, p. 145.
  149. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-70". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  150. ^ Chen, p. 147.
  151. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-69". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  152. ^ Chen, p. 149.
  153. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-73". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  154. ^ Chen, p. 151.
  155. ^ Chen, p. 153.
  156. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-74". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  157. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-72". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  158. ^ Chen, p. 155.
  159. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-75". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  160. ^ Chen, p. 157.
  161. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-76". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  162. ^ Chen, p. 159.
  163. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-77". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  164. ^ Chen, p. 161.
  165. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-78". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  166. ^ Chen, p. 163.
  167. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-79". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  168. ^ Chen, p. 165.
  169. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-80". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  170. ^ Chen, p. 167.
  171. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-81". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  172. ^ Chen, p. 169.
  173. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-82". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  174. ^ Chen, p. 171.
  175. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-83". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  176. ^ Chen, p. 173.
  177. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-84". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  178. ^ Chen, p. 175.
  179. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-94". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  180. ^ Chen, p. 177.
  181. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-85". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  182. ^ Chen, p. 179.
  183. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-86". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  184. ^ Chen, p. 181.
  185. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-87". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  186. ^ Chen, p. 183.
  187. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-89". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  188. ^ Chen, p. 185.
  189. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-90". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  190. ^ Chen, p. 187.
  191. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-91". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  192. ^ Chen, p. 189.
  193. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-95". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  194. ^ Chen, p. 191.
  195. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-88". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  196. ^ Chen, p. 193.
  197. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-96". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  198. ^ Chen, p. 195.
  199. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-93". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  200. ^ Chen, p. 197.
  201. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-103". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  202. ^ Chen, p. 199.
  203. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-99". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  204. ^ Chen, p. 201.
  205. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-101". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  206. ^ Chen, p. 203.
  207. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-106". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  208. ^ Chen, p. 205.
  209. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-92". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  210. ^ Chen, p. 207.
  211. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-97". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  212. ^ Chen, p. 209.
  213. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-98". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  214. ^ Chen, p. 211.
  215. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-102". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  216. ^ Chen, p. 213.
  217. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-100". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  218. ^ Chen, p. 215.
  219. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-104". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  220. ^ Chen, p. 217.
  221. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-105". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  222. ^ Chen, p. 219.
  223. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-108". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  224. ^ Chen, p. 221.
  225. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-109". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  226. ^ Chen, p. 223.
  227. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-110". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  228. ^ Chen, p. 225.
  229. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-111". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  230. ^ Chen, p. 227.
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