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Figure skating notes

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S&P/ID 2024 [1], for Figure skating at the Olympic Games

p. 30:

The maximum number of competitors for the Winter Games across all disciplines, for the short program, and for the rhythm dance, to qualify for the free skate and free dance, must be in accordance with the qualification system determined before each Winter Games. The IOC decides the qualification system, in consultation with the ISU.

Skaters of ISU-member countries who have participated in the World senior championships that have taken place the year before the Winter Games are eligible to accumulate points to qualify to compete.

There are 26 entries for the women's and men's singles competition, 16 entries for pair skaters, and 19 entries for Ice dance. ISU-member countries with skaters who have earned the necessary points have the right to two or three entries into the Winter Games if they also had two or three entries in the World Championships immediately prior to the Winter Games.

The remaining open entries available are filled by ISU-member countries in the order of their placements at a senior international competition, designated by the ISU, that had taken place in the autumn of the calendar year immediately prior to the Winter Games. The entries are only available to ISU-member countries that have earned one entry and that have earned enough points for two or three entries, but did not have two or three skaters who qualified for the free skate or free dance in the World Championships immediately prior to the Olympic Games.

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Skaters, pair teams, and ice dancing teams are eligible to enter and participate in the Winter Games only if they have reached the applicable combined total elements score, as established for the European Championships or Four Continents Championships. The scores must be earned during an ISU-recognized international competition that took place during the same season of the Games or during the immediately preceding season. However, the ISU-member country that is hosting the Games has the right to enter one competitor "per concerned discipline(s) as additional entry(ies)" only if the "concerned Skater(s)/Pair/Couple" have earned the minimum total elements score for the Winter Games.

ISU-member countries with skaters who have earned entries must inform, if possible, the ISU how many skaters and teams are eligible to compete at the Winter Games after their individual senior World championships, but not later than September 15. The unfilled entries will be filled by eligible member countries. The ISU publishes a list of the "set and stand-by entries" no later than October 30, after the member countries' senior World championships and qualifying competitions for the Winter Games.

If the IOC includes, in the program of the Winter Games, in addition to the existing number of events, a team event with single skaters, pair skaters, and ice dancers, the ISU, in consultation with the IOC, will set all relevant conditions. These conditions include: the number of teams and participants; qualifying, participation, and entry criteria; technical format, starting order, result determination, officials' participation, and other "relevant technical and organizational details".


ISU Judging System

Source: Rule 504, pp. 83-86, ISU S&P/ID 2024 [2]

Reception and impact of Todd Manning

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General popularity

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In 1993, Todd Manning (played by Roger Howarth), a defensive back for Llanview, Pennsylvania University's football team, has a one-night stand with fellow student, Marty Saybrooke (Susan Haskell). After she tutors him for a calculus exam and he fails it, which results in his suspension from the football team, he blames her. In March 1993, Todd and his fraternity brothers, Zach Rosen and Powell Lord, rape Marty in the dorm room of Kevin Buchanan during a party.[1][2]

In 1994, OLTL was awarded several Daytime Emmys in writing and acting for all the principals involved with the controversial and influential storyline about the gang rape.[3] Michael Malone and Josh Griffith's team won an Emmy for writing, Susan Haskell won an Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and Hillary B. Smith, who played Nora Hanen, Todd's lawyer who chose to throw Todd's subsequent trial, was awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. Roger Howarth won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series.[4][5] In 1995, Howarth was nominated for an Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Soap Opera Digest (SOD) named him Outstanding Leading Actor. SOD also named him Outstanding Villain in 1998.[5][6] Howarth was a "fan favorite, and one of the best actors in soaps",[7] and Howarth's portrayal of him has been called "iconic".[8][5] Soap opera writer Gerry Waggett said that due to the storyline and Howarth's talent, Todd eventually became the show's male lead.[9] Todd has been called "one of the greatest characters of all-time".[7] TV Guide referred to Todd as a breakout character.[8]

The Hollywood Reporter stated that even though Todd was a convicted rapist, he was the most popular character, and Howarth was the most popular actor, on OLTL.[10] The rape storyline propelled Todd "onto the list of OLTL's most despicable villains",[11] and he became the show's "centerpiece villain".[11] Howarth appeared on several interview shows following his Emmy win in 1994, including the Phil Donahue Show in May, with six other male soap stars,[12] and later that month, on Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. Host Regis Philbin commented on the fact that Howarth was receiving more fan mail than any other American soap opera star,[13][14] and called him "a terrible villain, who's become a heartthrob to thousands of wildly adoring fans".[13] Waggett confirmed that Howarth had received more fan mail than his cast members, stating, "During the height of the Todd Manning phenomenon, one of the secretaries at ABC would sort the mail into two large bags: one for Roger Howarth and one for the rest of the cast."[15]

Susan Haskell (Marty) and Hillary B. Smith (Nora), who, along with Howarth, won acting Emmys in 1994 for their roles in the gang rape storyline.

At the height of Todd's popularity, which was called "Todd-mania" and "the Todd Manning phenomenon",[15][16] Howarth was disturbed that so many women were attracted to Todd and that the show's writers had begun to redeem the character. In a September 1995 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, the publication reported that Howarth was troubled that "his villainous character became such a fan favorite".[10] In October 1995, Howarth told SOD, "People have come up to me and said, 'My 7-year-old loves you.' What do I say to that? I'm not going to tell them, 'Don't let your 7-year-old watch TV.' But I have to say, it's disturbing."[5] He gave credit to the show's writers for Todd's popularity, saying that Todd and his friends' trial was well constructed and added, "I think, right now, we're just riding the wave of something that started last summer. Beyond that, I don't really know why people like Todd".[16]

Todd's popularity intruded on Howarth's life. "It's really starting to frustrate me because I can't just go to work anymore," he said.[17] He stopped doing press interviews after female fans screamed "Rape me, Todd," at fan events,[18][19] and because of his disagreement with Todd's redemption arc.[5] In 2000, Howarth returned for a week, accompanied by significant fanfare, to assist with Florencia Lozano's (Teá) departure.[20] During the ten years he was on the show, rumors of his departure were reported sometimes weekly by the soap opera press.[21]

Soap Opera Magazine attributed the success of Todd to Howarth's skill as an actor. In February 1998, the magazine stated, "Although the scar that traverses his face while he plays Llanview's dark prince isn't real, the menacing intensity Roger Howarth can so effortlessly convey with his eyes and furrowed brow are frighteningly authentic".[22] Soap Opera Weekly (SOW) called his presence "hypnotic", stated that his eyes relayed his focus, and gave Todd "a deliciously frightening edge".[23] Marla Hart of the Chicago Tribune stated that "it has been an unexpected pleasure to watch actor Roger Howarth as a lost soul in search of spiritual redemption". Hart speculated that the darkness Howarth brought to the role made him interesting to watch and was responsible for his Emmy win in 1994.[24]

Trevor St. John and the writers received praise for the recast and for successfully re-integrating Todd into the show's canvas. SOW stated, "They said it couldn't be done. One Life to Live's Todd (previously played by Roger Howarth) could not be recast. But with an appealing actor and the right pacing, One Life to Live may just have done it".[25] SOW reported that the writers revealed Todd's identity gradually, introducing St. John as Walker Laurence, the younger brother of Mitch Laurence, and allowing Walker to develop as a character before dropping hints that he might be Todd. By the time he disclosed who he really was to his daughter, Starr, played by Kristen Alderson, the audience had already suspected the truth. SOW called the reveal scene between St. John and Alderson "one of those great (and, these days, rare) must-see moments".[25] The magazine stated that St. John revealed glimmers of Todd to the audience: "We could see Todd when Walker lowered his eyes while holding back from telling his sister, Viki; with fiancée Blair, Walker's gaze was always shifting, making sure nothing could clue her in to his secret". SOW also credited St. John with maintaining "the [uniquely scheming] relationship of Todd and Starr" and for keeping their scenes touching and delightful.[26]

On May 29, 2006, in what the soap opera section of SheKnows described as "one of the most memorable moments" for OLTL, and "breathtaking, nerve-racking, heart wrenching",[27] St. John portrayed Todd being executed for a crime he did not commit. At the last moment, after the lethal injection has been administered, John McBain (Michael Easton) rushes in, declaring Todd's innocence, with proof: the woman Todd is accused of killing (Margaret Cochran) is at John's side, clearly still alive. Todd is revived soon afterward.[27] During the execution episode, a montage lasting a little over four minutes was shown, accompanied by a song playing in the background.[28] The song was called "Forsaken" (or "Todd's Song") and was written by Michal Towber, OLTL's music director, who composed all of the music for the show. "Forsaken" was written for Todd during Howarth's tenure and represented his volatile nature with powerfully dark theme music, which producers and fans called the "Todd theme".[29][30] The music consisted of ominous, low chords, signaling that Todd was about to commit a vicious, dangerous, or threatening act.[29] The montage that accompanied the execution scenes included reaction shots of those witnessing the execution, including shots of Starr crying in the presence of a lynch mob outside the prison. It also included flashbacks of Todd's children and Blair during both St. John and Howarth's tenures as Todd, with Howarth's face unseen. The scenes were described as "unbearable" by viewers, and their responses varied. Much of the audience was infuriated by Blair's unwillingness to believe that Todd was innocent. Many viewers thought that Todd's death was permanent; Soap Opera Digest speculated that this was due to limited Internet access or to a lack of interest in spoilers.[31]

Although fans and St. John's co-workers felt that he deserved an Emmy nomination for his death row performances, he did not receive one, but OLTL received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series by submitting the episode.[27][32] One soap opera website criticized St. John's Emmy snub, stating that it was incongruous that the show's Best Show nomination was largely due to St. John's performance.[33] Soap opera commentators Nelson Branco and Michael Fairman called St. John's execution performances the best on any daytime drama in the early 2000s.[34] Towber and other composers for the show were nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series.[35]

Controversy and fan debate

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Rape and redemption

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The rape storyline in OLTL inspired feminist studies.[8] Although the gang rape storyline was well-received, it was also criticized. Jennifer Hayward, in her literary analysis of the rape and its similarity to nineteenth century melodrama, stated that the storyline not only polarized "the gap between rapists and the raped but also the figure of the rapist himself"[36] and that the writers' implication that Powell Lord, one of the characters who raped Marty, was a good person and that peer pressure "could be an adequate (or even physiologically possible) excuse for rape".[36] Scholar Mary Buhl Dutta, arguing that the storyline perpetuated rape myths, commented on how the series used Marty, who fulfilled the stereotype of "the bad girl" who was the rape victim. Dutta stated that Marty had falsely accused another young man of rape after the Reverend Andrew Carpenter, the young man's counselor, rebuffed her romantic advances.[37] After she was actually raped, she falsely yet unintentionally accuses Kevin Buchanan, who was innocent. Marty, according to Dutta, "is a 'bad girl' because she had a one-night stand with Todd before the rape, bolstering his later claim she 'asked for it' in their second sexual encounter".[37]

Critics have wondered why Todd is popular. Soap opera journalist Marlena De Lacroix, who acknowledged that she neither liked nor understood Todd, expressed her inability to understand his popularity among so many fans, even during his several hiatuses from the show. She asked, "Why has the show devoted years of storyline time to him and all but made a hero out of a criminal?"[38] Hayward, who said that her own response to Todd's redemption was ambivalent, called the writers' attempt to redeem Todd controversial[36] and stated that the role of Rebecca, the woman the writers paired Todd with during the redemption process, "seems to encourage both female and male fantasies about the power of a 'good woman' to save a man from his own violent impulses".[39] In his book, Behold the Man, Edisol Dotson suggested that viewers accepted Todd's redemption because he was physically attractive. Dotson stated, "Were Todd an ugly man, he would have never been forgiven, and female fans would not crowd the studio's backdoor shouting his name".[40]

Soap opera commentator Jenn Bishop said she found it difficult to explain Todd's popularity, and that if she was perplexed about her feelings regarding him, it is understandable that others would be as well. She considered Todd an abhorrent character, with "little to no redeeming qualities",[41] whose actions she considered spanning from immoral to criminal. She added, "I wouldn't want to know Todd, let alone be around him in real life. Nor would I want any woman to have any sort of relationship with him".[41] She called him "an anti-anti-hero" and said that the authenticity of the rape storyline added to the character's appeal. Todd was not the only soap opera character who committed the crime of rape, but the way it was written "didn't leave a lot of room for rewrites".[41] She cited the storyline about Luke's rape of Laura on General Hospital, which was rewritten as a seduction, and stated that the rape on OLTL left no room for alternative interpretations of the events as they were presented or explained away as "simply the behavior of a romantic rogue".[41] Despite Bishop's ambivalence towards the character, she recognized that due to how the writers had Todd pay for his crimes, he was a "dynamic, unpredictable, multi-faceted character with many traits that conflict with one another,"[41] adding that Todd became "one messed up guy", who was likeable and intriguing to the viewers.[41]

According to Hayward, the writing team involved in Todd's redemption story arc was composed of more men than what was typically the case because, for most of the history of soap operas, writers have been predominantly women.[42] In a June 1994 interview with TV Guide, in an article about the trend during the early 1990s of redeemed rapists on soap operas, Malone commented that "[t]he bond between the woman and the violator is a great historical tradition in fiction and films," and said that Rudolph Valentino, Humphrey Bogart, Kirk Douglas, and Clark Gable "all began as totally irredeemable villains".[43] Although he did not think that most women want to be raped or are drawn to violence, he said that viewers "are responding to the intensity of passion and an actor who lets you inside the torment. Some [women] believe they can be swept up in that passion and still turn it good. They think, 'With me, he'd be different'".[43] The author of the article, Michael Logan, supported Malone's statements and commented, "Let's call a spade a spade. There is a large contingent of American female soap viewers who find something very attractive about rapists".[43] Hayward reported that many female viewers were furious that Logan had described them this way, and stated that their attraction to Todd was due to the skill of the actor portraying him.[42]

Kirk Douglas, who started out playing irredeemable villains like Todd

Howarth said he had no desire to portray a redeemed Todd and that the show would be better off finding "a Todd who won't object to the material".[44] He subsequently left the series for a year. On October 24, 1995, he told Soap Opera Digest that he resigned because, although he was proud of the work that went into developing Todd as a complex character, he was opposed to the writers' movements towards redeeming him by changing him into Todd Lord, a more likable character. He added, "In my mind, I'd been hired to play Todd Manning, a very realistic, serious psychopath. But now, the powers-that-be wanted me to play Todd Lord. And the story of Todd Lord is not realistic—it's a fairy tale. I thought, 'It would be best for the show if I were to leave.' That's when I tendered my resignation".[45]

Howarth also stated that Todd and Marty suddenly bonding, even if reluctantly, did not make sense, and that he could not, in good conscience, support Todd's redemption. For example, he found showing Todd and Marty having drinks with each other "bizarre" in light of his rape of her, which he called "so in-depth and so brutal".[45] Entertainment Weekly reported that One Life to Live agreed to let Howarth go on the condition that he would not appear on another soap opera for twelve months.[44] Indy Week said that although "Todd was partially redeemed into a self-destructive antihero who remained popular until the show's end", his portrayer and many critics were wary of his development as a romantic lead.[46]

Merchandising

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In 2002, as part of ABC's push to sell merchandise from its soap operas, the network began selling a doll in Todd's likeness on its website, but was thwarted by a backlash.[47][48] Modeled after animated versions that represented Starr's fantasies about her family, the doll sold for $19.95.[48][49][50] According to the description on the site, it was "an all-cloth doll with brown felt hair and blue eyes. He is 20 inches standing. He wears a blue shirt and black pants".[49] The doll's face also included Todd's scar. Even though several years had passed since the gang rape and Todd had "since settled down",[49] and had become a more sympathetic character, rape victim advocate groups thought that selling the doll glorified sexual assault, so ABC removed the doll from its online store.[51] Pictures of the doll were pulled from the Internet, and the doll was blocked from being available on eBay or any other online store.[48][49]

The controversy began when the industry newsletter, "The Jack Myers Report," harshly criticized ABC for selling the doll, and other news outlets reported the snafu.[47][49] Bob Tedeschi of The New York Times stated, "In the charge toward e-commerce revenues, ABC learned a useful lesson last week: Don't try to sell cuddly rag dolls depicting homicidal rapists".[47] Angela Shapiro, president of ABC, said, "I was insensitive and take total responsibility for it. I should have been sensitive to the history of the character and I wasn't".[47] A doll of Starr remained in ABC stores.[49][51]

Violence towards teenagers

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According to Nelson Branco of TV Guide, OLTL aired "some of the most explosive and ugliest scenes ever broadcast on daytime" television in March 2008[52] when Todd beat up teenager Cole Thornhart (his daughter's boyfriend and Marty's son), and slapped Starr and Cole's friends Markko Rivera and Langston Wilde.[38] Todd barges in on Starr and Cole in bed together for the first time, jumping to the conclusion that Cole had raped her, "and [beats] the son of his rape victim relentlessly".[52]

In Branco's opinion, head writer Ron Carlivati wanted to use the storyline to return Todd to his dark roots by showing him as a monster again, stating, "Carlivati chose to do something unique, bold and risky with one of his marquee characters",[52] demonstrating Todd's damaged personality and calling into question his mental stability. Carlivati said that Todd was convinced that Starr's alleged rape was karmic payback, even when Starr insisted that she had not been raped. Branco postulated that Todd's conclusion and strong reaction to seeing the two in bed together was Todd's inability to separate sex from violence, stating, "Todd, in that instance, became unhinged, paranoid, and out-of-control".[52] Todd was in denial and even almost hit Starr twice when she challenged his beliefs.[52] The scenes were praised as "riveting".[52] Soap columnist, Marlena De Lacroix, a self-described "Todd hater" who felt that the character was psychotic, expressed hope that it was "the beginning of a storyline that will delve into Todd's mind and enlighten viewers as to the complexities of a character who is mentally ill".[38] De Lacroix worried that although the storyline had the potential to be memorable, it could be another way to build sympathy for Todd.[38]

Revictimizing Marty

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Main article: Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines § 2008–2009: "Re-rape"

Deciding to revisit the rape storyline, Carlivati wrote a story in which Marty is thrown from a van during a car crash in late 2007. The van explodes, and she is presumed dead.[53] In June 2008, Todd discovers her alive and finds that she is afflicted with amnesia and has been crippled since the crash. He starts to nurse her back to health, lying to her about her identity and her importance to the people she loves, and he starts to develop romantic feelings for her.[54] ABC promoted the storyline by airing ads that called it, "The story you thought you'd never see".[55] Carlivati defended the storyline by assuring the audience, who were concerned about and resisted the storyline, that it would not have been written if Marty had not lost her memories. He stated that he was aware of how serious it was to pair the characters romantically, but did not feel that it was damaging Marty's character. Carlivati was committed to having the storyline progress slowly and to using the actors' and characters' chemistry.[54] Eventually, Todd and Marty have sex.[56]

"In any romance genre, that effort of shared redemption would ultimately lead to a romantic relationship. Whether that means Marty and Todd would fall in love when they are 98-years-old, or as you say, would happen to their children or grandchildren, that's up to the writer ... Ultimately, only love can heal, and ultimately forgive the unforgivable. Fundamentally, if you are true to the characters, they will lead the way. And you as a writer just follow. A writer needs to listen to the characters and not expose plot on them."[57]

— Michael Malone, in 2008, on OLTL pairing Todd and Marty in his absence from the series

According to Branco, the show's past writing teams had proposed creating a Marty and Todd love story, but it never happened, mostly because Haskell and Howarth had refused to participate. In Branco's opinion, the push toward the storyline was the reason Howarth eventually left OLTL for As the World Turns.[58] By contrast, at a fan gathering in 2008, St. John joked about Todd and Marty bonding during the Carlivati storyline, stating, "I'm all for gang rape." He later issued an apology for the comment: "I should know better than to ever try and make a joke about such a serious subject. I intended no disrepect [sic] and apologize to anyone I offended".[59]

De Lacroix found Carlivati's storyline "disgusting", stating that it was exploitative, misogynistic, insulting to the audience, and "the most phony, stupidly contrived story I have ever seen". She also felt that it was a severe injustice to the original storyline.[55] Fans who were opposed to the storyline called it "the re-rape".[60] ABC aired public service announcements (PSAs) for the National Sexual Assault Hotline at the end of the episode.[61] Lynn Parrish, a spokesperson for Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), which was not consulted by the show's writers, spoke out against the "re-rape" storyline. She told Branco, "There is nothing romantic about rape", and that "whoever writes a romance between a rapist and its victim under any circumstances clearly doesn't understand rape nor violence—and probably shouldn't be writing about it".[58]

Branco called the original rape storyline "the gold standard of rape stories,"[58] and stated that Carlivati had changed it into a soap opera cliché. Carlivati's addition to the characters' histories left him feeling betrayed, hurt, depressed, angry, insulted, and disgusted, and he said that he had wasted almost 20 years investing in and believing in the original rape storyline.[58] At the conclusion of the "re-rape" storyline, Branco stated that the payoff was worth the tense moments. "However obscene or depraved the riskiest storyline in recent memory was," he said, "the fallout has been shockingly riveting—thanks to the fact that head writer Ron Carlivati is playing all the psychological beats of Todd's self-serving and criminal actions".[58] Branco also gave credit to St. John. "Nominated for a 2009 Soap Opera Spirit Award as outstanding lead actor, St. John inarguably faced the most challenging assignment of any actor in 2008—in any genre," said Branco. "And yet, somehow, St. John made it work. In a lesser actor's hands, the storyline most certainly would have resulted in career suicide for all involved".[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Music Directors". Soap Opera Digest. October 6, 1997. pp. 60–61.
  2. ^ Hayward, p. 175
  3. ^ Brooks, p. 114
  4. ^ Waggett, p. 219
  5. ^ a b c d e "Roger Howarth (Paul, ATWT)". Soap Opera Digest.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  6. ^ "Roger Howarth". Soaps.com. June 12, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  7. ^ a b Fairman, Michael (August 7, 2013). "Todd Leaves Llanview On This Week's One Life to Live! Roger Howarth Delivers Heartbreaking Performance!". Michael Fairman on Soaps. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d Branco, Nelson (7 January 2009). "Sexy Beast". TV Guide.
  9. ^ Waggett, p. 26
  10. ^ a b Battaglio, Stephen (September 5, 1995). "Howarth Exits ABC 'One Life,' Heads West". The Hollywood Reporter.
  11. ^ a b Waggett, p. xvii
  12. ^ "Male Soap Opera Stars". Phil Donahue Show. May 17, 1994.
  13. ^ a b "Roger Howarth Appearance". Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. May 1994.
  14. ^ Waggett confirmed that Howarth had received more fan mail than his castmembers, stating, "During the height of the Todd Manning phenomenon, one of the secretaries at ABC would sort the mail into two large bags: one for Roger Howarth and one for the rest of the cast." (Waggett, p. 187).
  15. ^ a b Waggett, p. 187
  16. ^ a b "Cover Story". Soap Opera Digest. April 12, 1994.
  17. ^ "Roger Howarth—The Other Side of Evil" (April 5, 1994). Soap Opera Update.
  18. ^ Scodari, Christine (2013). "Soap Operas". In Pendergast, Tom (ed.). St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture (4 ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Gale Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55862-400-9.
  19. ^ "Roger Howarth Leaving One Life to Live". Soap Opera Digest. August 15, 1995.
  20. ^ "Why They Came Back". Soap Opera Update. 2002-11-12.
  21. ^ Waggett, p. 35
  22. ^ "Daytime's Most Fascinating Faces". Soap Opera Magazine. February 24, 1998.
  23. ^ "Why He Has Star Potential". Soap Opera Weekly. September 21, 1993.
  24. ^ Hart, Marla (July 7, 1994). "Howarth Isn't Out to be Mr. Nice Guy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  25. ^ a b "Hit: Walker is Todd on OLTL". Soap Opera Weekly. September 16, 2003.
  26. ^ "SOD Performer of the Week". Soap Opera Digest. December 9, 2003.
  27. ^ a b c "Emmy Nod: Todd's Execution". sheknows.com. April 13, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  28. ^ "Todd's Execution". One Life to Live. May 29, 2006. ABC.
  29. ^ a b "The Music Directors". Soap Opera Digest. October 6, 1997. pp. 60–61.
  30. ^ Harris, Marg (November 1998). "Making Music: Interview With OLTL Composer David Nichtern (Part I)". Llanview Online (exclusive interview). Archived from the original on October 28, 2006. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  31. ^ "Todd's Execution". Soap Opera Digest. June 6, 2006.
  32. ^ Coleridge, Daniel R. (November 8, 2006). "Soap Dish with One Life to Live Honcho Frank Valentini". TV Guide.
  33. ^ Weber, Carol Banks. "Gossip for the Week of 26-Mar-2007". Soap Zone.com. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  34. ^ Branco, Nelson (November 16, 2009). "The Soapgeist: Nov. 16, 2009". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  35. ^ "Daytime Emmys Nominations (Part II)". Variety. March 14, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  36. ^ a b c Hayward, p. 175
  37. ^ a b Dutta, p. 35
  38. ^ a b c d De Lacroix, Marlena (March 12, 2008). ""One Life to Live": Why All the Love for a Rapist?". mediavillage.com. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  39. ^ Hayward, p. 182
  40. ^ Dotson, Edisol W. (1999). Behold the Man: The Hype and Selling of Male Beauty in Media and Culture. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Haworth Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7890-0634-9.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Bishop, Jenn (August 14, 2013). "The Curious Case of 'One Life to Live's' Todd Manning". sourcemagazine.com. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  42. ^ a b Hayward, p. 178
  43. ^ a b c Logan, Michael (June 18, 1994). "Rapists: Unlikely Heartthrobs". TV Guide. Qtd. in Hayward, p. 178.
  44. ^ a b Carter, Alan (November 17, 1995). "Roger Howarth's Future Plans". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  45. ^ a b Sloane Gaylin, Alison (October 24, 1995). "Roger and Out". Soap Opera Digest.
  46. ^ Smith, Zack (January 13, 2012). "Last Exit to Llanview: Michael Malone Looks Back at his Work on "One Life to Live," Which Ends Today". Indy Week. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  47. ^ a b c d Tedeschi, Bob (May 13, 2002). "E-Commerce Report; Recent Snafus at the Online Shops of TV Networks Have Barely Dimmed the Glow of Merchandising on the Web". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  48. ^ a b c "Todd Doll Gets Ragged On!". Soaps in Depth. June 11, 2002.
  49. ^ a b c d e f Offman, Craig (May 7, 2002). "Inside Move: 'One Life' Too Many". Variety. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  50. ^ Waggett, p. 34
  51. ^ a b Kroll, Dan (May 8, 2002). "Todd Doll Causes Backlash". Soap Central.com. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Branco, Nelson (March 10, 2008). "Rewind: Master Class Achievements. OLTL Unleashes Todd the Monster". TV Guide.
  53. ^ "Comings and Goings: Susan Haskell (Marty Saybrooke)". Soap Opera Digest. 33 (22). June 10, 2008.
  54. ^ a b "OLTL Scribe On A Todd And Marty Pairing: Todd and Marty are Growing Closer, Despite Their 'Dark' History". Soap Opera Digest. August 19, 2008.
  55. ^ a b De Lacroix, Marlena (November 7, 2008). "One Life To Live's Todd and Marty: Way Beyond Merely "Disgusting"". Marlenadelacroix.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  56. ^ Branco, Nelson (January 7, 2009). "Sexy Beast". TV Guide.
  57. ^ Cite error: The named reference branco was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  58. ^ a b c d e Branco, Nelson (September 29, 2008). "FF: Soap Malfunction Currently in Progress OLTL: Raping Marty Softly with His Kiss". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  59. ^ Giddens, Jamey (August 18, 2008). "One Life to Live's St. John Apologizes for "Gang Rape" comments". Daytime Confidential. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  60. ^ "DC #320: ABC A Madonna or a Whore". Daytime Confidential. November 6, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  61. ^ Martin, Ed (November 3, 2008). ""One Life to Live" Ignites New Rape Controversy". Media Village.com. Retrieved July 20, 2025.

Works cited

[edit]
  • Hayward, Jennifer (1997). Consuming Pleasures: Active Audiences and Serial Fictions from Dickens to Soap Opera. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2025-X.
  • Waggett, Gerry (2008). The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book: A Fun, Fact-Filled, Everything-You-Want-to-Know-Guide to Your Favorite Soap. New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 1-4013-2309-X.
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