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Plasma Gasification, Melting, Closed Cycle Technology (PGMCC)
Process typeChemical
Industrial sector(s)Waste management
Energy
Main technologies or sub-processesPlasma arc
Plasma electrolysis
FeedstockMunicipal and industrial waste
Biomass
Solid hydrocarbons
Product(s)Syngas
Slag
Separated metal scrap
Leading companiesInt-Energia Co. Ltd.

Plasma gasification, Melting, Closed Cycle Technology is a process which converts organic matter into synthetic gas,[1] electricity,[2] and slag[1] using plasma. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into synthetic gas and solid waste (slag).[1][3][4] It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the gasification of biomass and solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil sands, and oil shale.[3]

Process

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A plasma torch uses inert gas such as steam. The electrodes vary from copper or tungsten to hafnium or zirconium, along with various other alloys. High voltage electricity with a high current energizes the two electrodes causing the electric arc. Pressurized inert gas ionizes passing through the arc creating plasma. The torch's temperature ranges from 4,000 to 25,000 °F (2,200 to 13,900 °C).[5] The correct temperature of the plasma reaction structures the plasma of forming gas. This minimizes ballast contents[6][clarification needed], composed of the byproducts of oxidation: CO2, N, H2O, etc..

At these conditions molecular dissociation can occur by breaking down molecular bonds. The resulting basic elemental components are a gas. Complex molecules are separated into individual atoms. Molecular dissociation using plasma is referred to as "plasma pyrolysis."[7]

Feedstocks

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The feedstock for plasma waste treatment is most often municipal solid waste, organic waste, or both. Feedstocks may also include biomedical waste and hazmat materials. Content and consistency of the waste directly impacts performance of a plasma facility. Pre-sorting and recycling useful material before gasification provides consistency. Too much inorganic material such as metal and construction waste increases slag production, which in turn decreases syngas production. However, a benefit is that the slag itself is chemically inert and safe to handle (certain materials may affect the content of the gas produced, however[2]). Shredding waste before entering the main chamber helps to increase syngas production. This creates an efficient transfer of energy which ensures more materials are broken down.[2]

Yields

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Pure high calorific synthetic gas consists of CO, H2, CH, etc.. The conversion rate of plasma gasification exceeds 99%.[8] Non-flammable inorganic components in the waste stream are not broken down. A phase change from solid to liquid adds to the volume of slag. This includes various metals.

Plasma processing of waste is ecologically clean. The lack of oxygen prevents toxic formations. The high temperatures in a reactor prevents the main elements of gas from forming toxic compounds such as furans, dioxins, NOX, or sulfur dioxide. Water filtration removes ash and gaseous pollutants.

The production of ecologically clean synthetic gas is the standard goal. The gas contains no phenols or complex hydrocarbons. Circulating water from filtering systems is toxic. The water has become ecologically deadly. The water removes toxins, poisons, and the hazardous substances must be cleaned.[9]

Metals resulting from plasma pyrolysis can be recovered from the slag. Then it is a commodity. Inert slag is granulated. This slag grain is used in construction. A portion of syngas feeds on-site turbines. This powers the plasma torches. This powers the feed system. This is self-sustaining electric power.[8]

Equipment

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Gasification reactors operate at negative pressure[1] and recovers both[10] gaseous and solid resources.

Advantages

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The main advantages of plasma technologies for waste treatment are:

Disadvantages

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Main disadvantages of plasma technologies for waste treatment are:

  • Large initial investment costs relative to landfill[18] and
  • the plasma flame reduces the diameter of the sampler orifice over time, necessitating occasional maintenance.[19]

Commercialization

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Main article: Plasma gasification commercialization

Municipal-scale plasma gasification is used commercially for waste disposal[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] in nine locations with five more projects in development. Sites for gasification facilities are often at landfills where recuperative landfill mining can return the landfills to their original states. Plasma arc gasification is a safe means to destroy both medical[28] and other hazardous waste.[1]


Military Use

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The US Navy is employing Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System (PAWDS) on its latest generation Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier. The compact system being used will treat all combustible solid waste generated on board the ship. After having completed factory acceptance testing in Montreal, the system is scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard for installation on the carrier.[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Moustakasa, K.; Fattab, D.; Malamisa, S.; Haralambousa, K.; Loizidoua, M. (2005-08-31). "Demonstration plasma gasification/vitrification system for effective hazardous waste treatment". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 123 (1–3): 120–126. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.038. PMID 15878635. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  2. ^ a b c "How Stuff Works- Plasma Converter". Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  3. ^ a b Kalinenko, R. A.; Kuznetsov, A. P.; Levitsky, A. A.; Messerle, V. E.; Mirokhin, Y.; Polak, L. S.; Sakipov, Z. B.; Ustimenko, A. B. (1993). "Pulverized coal plasma gasification". Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing. 13 (1): 141–167. doi:10.1007/BF01447176. S2CID 93097945. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  4. ^ Messerle, V. E.; Ustimenko, A. B. (2007). "Solid Fuel Plasma Gasification". In Syred, Nick; Khalatov, Artem (eds.). Advanced Combustion and Aerothermal Technologies. Environmental Protection and Pollution Reductions. Springer Netherlands. pp. 141–156. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6515-6. ISBN 978-1-4020-6515-6. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  5. ^ "The Recovered Energy System: Discussion on Plasma Gasification". Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  6. ^ Bratsev, A. N. (2006). "A Facility for Plasma Gasification of Waste of Various Types" (PDF). High Temperature. 44 (6): 823–828. doi:10.1007/s10740-006-0099-7. S2CID 122365071. Retrieved 2013-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Huang, H.; Tang, Lan; Wu, C. Z. (2003). "Characterization of Gaseous and Solid Product from Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis of Waste Rubber". Environmental Science & Technology. 37 (19): 4463–4467. doi:10.1021/es034193c. PMID 14572101. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  8. ^ a b "Plasma Gasification". United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
  9. ^ HTT Canada Plasma Treatment.Corporate Brochure. 2009-27-07. Retrieved on 2009-08-13.
  10. ^ [1], "Method for the Gasification of Carbonaceous Matter by Plasma Arc Pyrolysis" 
  11. ^ Tendler, Michael; Rutberg, Philip; Oost, Guido van (2005-05-01). "Plasma Based Waste Treatment and Energy Production". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 47 (5A): A219 – A230. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/016. ISSN 0741-3335. S2CID 123187551. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  12. ^ [2], "Apparatus and Method for Treating Hazardous Waste" 
  13. ^ [3], "Arc Plasma-Melter Electro Conversion System for Waste Treatment and Resource ..." 
  14. ^ Lemmens, Bert; Elslander, Helmut; Vanderreydt, Ive; Peys, Kurt; Diels, Ludo; Oosterlinck, Michel; Joos, Marc (2007). "Assessment of Plasma Gasification of High Caloric Waste Streams". Waste Management. 27 (11): 1562–1569. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.027. ISSN 0956-053X. PMID 17134888. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  15. ^ Mountouris, A. (2008). "Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge: Process Development and Energy Optimization". Energy Conversion and Management. 49 (8): 2264–2271. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.025. Retrieved 2013-03-20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Leal-Quirós, Edbertho (2004). "Plasma Processing of Municipal Solid Waste". Brazilian Journal of Physics. 34 (4B): 1587–1593. doi:10.1590/S0103-97332004000800015. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  17. ^ Jimbo, Hajime (1996). "Plasma Melting and Useful Application of Molten Slag". Waste Management. 16 (5): 417–422. doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(96)00087-6. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  18. ^ Pourali, M. "Application of Plasma Gasification Technology in Waste to Energy #x2014;Challenges and Opportunities". IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 1 (3): 125–130. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2010.2061242. ISSN 1949-3029. S2CID 17118265.
  19. ^ Leal-Quirós, Edbertho (December 2004). "Plasma Processing of Municipal Solid Waste". Brazilian Journal of Physics. 34 (4B): 1587–1593. doi:10.1590/S0103-97332004000800015. ISSN 0103-9733. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  20. ^ "National Cheng Kung University - Tainan, Taiwan". PEAT International. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
  21. ^ Williams, R.B.; Jenkins, B.M.; Nguyen, D. (December 2003). Solid Waste Conversion: A review and database of current and emerging technologies (PDF) (Report). University of California, Davis, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-04-15.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  22. ^ "About the Project". A Partnership for a Zero Waste Ottawa. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  23. ^ Czekaj, Laura (2008-12-07). "Mechanical problems plague Plasco". Ottawa Sun.
  24. ^ "AFSOC makes 'green' history while investing in future". US Air Force Special Operations Command. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  25. ^ "INEOS Bio Commercializes bioenergy technology in Florida" (PDF). Biomass Program. 2011-11-21.
  26. ^ "The Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System to Reduce Waste Aboard CVN-78, pg. 13". Seaframe - Carderock Division Publication. 2008.
  27. ^ "Alter NRG Announces Commissioning of Biomass Gasifier at Waste To Liquids Facility in China" (Press release). Alter NRG. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
  28. ^ Huang, Haitao (2007). "Treatment of Organic Waste Using Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis Technology". Energy Conversion and Management. 48 (4): 1331–1337. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.08.013. Retrieved 2013-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ The Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System to Reduce Waste Aboard CVN-78, pg. 13, Seaframe - Carderock Division Publication, 2008
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Category:Sustainable technologies Category:Plasma processing Category:Thermal treatment

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