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WESTERN DIET And COGNITION SYSTEM

What is Western Diet?

A western diet is also known as modern time dietary pattern which spreading across the world very fast ^[1]. Most of the working people, are more attracting with this kind of dietary because it is easy and ready-made food. There are different examples of western diet such as French fries, cheeseburger, pizza, super-sized sodas, and many others all of these foods part of the western diet ^[2]. It is also known for its lack of fresh fruit, vegetables and strong reliance on the unhealthy food such as fast food, high sugar beverages, red meat and high fat diary food. A western diet is characterised by its extremely large portion sizes and the ingredients which include high fructose corn syrup, enriched flours, artificial flavours, partially hydrogenated oils and many other chemical substances ^[3]. The main reason of the growing popularity of western diet is because it not required to cook at home because it available ready-made foods like fast food which easy to take at any time. The other reason also include the change of human being pattern of taking food in last few years and their eating habit as well. This style of eating is also famously known as the meat-sweet diet or Standard American diet as well. Many health practitioners highly criticised this kind of meal which is reliance on processed foods, fired foods, red meat, refined starches and sugar ^[4]. There are several negative health related issues are direly linked with such meal habits. Current, studies on health indicated that such kind of dietary is considered a primary cases of the health related issues such as obesity epidemic and rise in weight-related conditions like diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers ^[5].

Human Intelligence and Cognitive Function

The cognitive system is the most important function of human brain because it provides the major functions such as knowledge of languages, acquiring knowledge, generating ideas, senses and others ^[6]. The senses is the most important for human and use in daily life because these senses provide a healthy life and understand the natural setting of this world. For example, senses are the responsible for feeling, tasting, and attention and other. Acquiring knowledge is also important part of human because since the childhood, the learning processing starts and if this major feature or function of cognitive impaired there is difficult for human to learn more about languages or any other thing which required for a healthy life ^[7].

Similarly, a human intelligence also linked with cognitive function such as memory and attention also important part of the cognitive system. Further, a perception and languages acquisition where human can understand and communicate with each other are also part of the cognitive system. Therefore, healthy function of cognitive system is an important part of any human being for its healthy lifestyle and daily living.

Problems associated with Western Diet

There are several problems linked with western diet and cognitive functions. Obesity is the most common diseases which can directly linked with unhealthy or western diet. Further, obesity can lead to several other diseases such as heart attack, cholesterol level increased because of obesity, diabetes type 1 and type 2, cognitive impairment and many other serious diseases such as cancer also linked with unhealthy diet ^[8]. There are many elements which associated with unhealthy lifestyle; however, the western diet considered the main components. This type of modern diet can resulted to take the amounts over 500 calories of sugar per day and this directly linked with obesity problems, type 2 diabetes, Cancer and Heart disease ^[9]. More recently researchers also found that western diet is impact on the human brain and cognitive system. The finding also found that those uses more western diet have fast developing diseases and performing very less in thinking, memory, and attention. Western Diet intake contributes to impairing hippocampal-dependent memory inhibition, this directly linked with the healthy responding to environmental cues associated with food. There are several investigation on the issue of western diet and its impact on the human cognitive system. Majority of the researchers found that, there is a direct linked between unhealthy diet and cognitive impairment. The cognitive system also linked with memory and other senses which can be impaired due to western diet habits. Problems such as obesity, diabetes type 1 and 2 developed metabolic disorders and cognitive dementia. The results from excessive unhealthy food pattern can have profound effects on human health such as body gains which also resulted in the early stages of cognitive dementia. Also, western diet lead to impairment of learning and memory performance because western diet contains the high level of sucrose which can impaired the learning ability of a human. However, those people are found more active and better in learning and memorising things who have healthy diet in their lifestyle. Further, western diet also associated with the impairments in memory paradigms ^[10].

Conclusion

This article discussed the western diet and the impact of it on human health and cognitive functions. In western diet the food pattern changes as compared to the healthy diet. A healthy diet consists of eating habits such as taking more vegetables, fruits and fresh juices. However, on other hand Western diet consumption more intake of low vegetables, high intake those beverages which contains of high sugar, high intake of industrial animal products, high intake of modern wheat products, high intake of industrial processed food and a lot of more. This kind of diet directly impact on human health in term of disease and other serious epidemic problems. There are several diseases contributed from western diet such as obesity, diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2), cancers, cognitive impairments and others. A western diet intake is directly linked with cognitive impairment as well and also reduce the functionality of the brain. It is because of the cognitive structure and brain functions are more specific emphasis on learning and memory functions. With high intake of high level of sugar and saturated fat and simple carbohydrate can be correlated with neurological changes. This also related to the ability to impair cognitive function. Therefore, the excessive use of western diet in daily life can triggers insulin mechanism which lead to glucose-insulin surges and this will develop obesity which disrupt cognitive function of human being.

References

^ Bajaj J. S., Ridlon J. M., Hylemon P. B., Thacker L. R., Heuman D. M., and Smith S. (2012). Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy. American Journal Physiology, 302, pp. G168–G175.
^ Rothman, S.M., and Mattson, M.P. (2010). Adverse stress, hippocampal networks, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med, 12, pp. 56–70.
^ Kanoski, S. E., and Davidson, T. L. (2011). Western Diet Consumption and Cognitive Impairment: Links to Hippocampal Dysfunction and Obesity. Physiology & Behaviour, 103(1), pp. 59–68.
^ Beilharz J. E., Maniam J., and Morris M. J. (2014). Short exposure to a diet rich in both fat and sugar or sugar alone impairs place, but not object recognition memory in rats. Brain Behaviour Immun. 37, pp. 134–141.
^ Carrie, I., Abellan, V.G., Rolland, Y., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., and Vellas, B. (2009). PUFA for prevention and treatment of dementia? Current Pharmacy Description, 15 (41), pp. 73–85.
^ Francis H. M., and Stevenson R. J. (2011). Higher reported saturated fat and refined sugar intake is associated with reduced hippocampal-dependent memory and sensitivity to interceptive signals. Behavioural Neuroscience, 125, pp. 943–955.
^ Ferri, C.P., Prince, M., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Fratiglioni, L., and Ganguli M. (2005). Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet, 366, pp. 2–7.
^ Kanoski, S. E., and Davidson, T. L. (2011). Western Diet Consumption and Cognitive Impairment: Links to Hippocampal Dysfunction and Obesity. Physiology & Behaviour, 103(1), pp. 59–68.
^ Noble, E.E., Hsu, T.M., and Kanoski, S.E. (2017). Gut to brain dysbiosis: Mechanisms Linking Western Diet Consumption, the Microbiome, and Cognitive Impairment. Front Behavioural Neuroscience, 11, pp. 9-15.
^ Goshen I., Kreisel T., Ounallah-Saad H., Renbaum P., Zalzstein Y., and Ben-Hur T . (2007). A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Psycho neuroendocrinology, 32, pp. 1106–1115.

[1] Bajaj J. S., Ridlon J. M., Hylemon P. B., Thacker L. R., Heuman D. M., and Smith S. (2012). Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy. American Journal Physiology, 302, pp. G168–G175.

[2] Rothman, S.M., and Mattson, M.P. (2010). Adverse stress, hippocampal networks, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med, 12, pp. 56–70.

[3] Kanoski, S. E., and Davidson, T. L. (2011). Western Diet Consumption and Cognitive Impairment: Links to Hippocampal Dysfunction and Obesity. Physiology & Behaviour, 103(1), pp. 59–68.

[4] Beilharz J. E., Maniam J., and Morris M. J. (2014). Short exposure to a diet rich in both fat and sugar or sugar alone impairs place, but not object recognition memory in rats. Brain Behaviour Immun. 37, pp. 134–141.

[5] Carrie, I., Abellan, V.G., Rolland, Y., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., and Vellas, B. (2009). PUFA for prevention and treatment of dementia? Current Pharmacy Description, 15 (41), pp. 73–85.

[6] Francis H. M., and Stevenson R. J. (2011). Higher reported saturated fat and refined sugar intake is associated with reduced hippocampal-dependent memory and sensitivity to interceptive signals. Behavioural Neuroscience, 125, pp. 943–955.

[7] Ferri, C.P., Prince, M., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Fratiglioni, L., and Ganguli M. (2005). Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet, 366, pp. 2–7.

[8] Kanoski, S. E., and Davidson, T. L. (2011). Western Diet Consumption and Cognitive Impairment: Links to Hippocampal Dysfunction and Obesity. Physiology & Behaviour, 103(1), pp. 59–68.

[9] Noble, E.E., Hsu, T.M., and Kanoski, S.E. (2017). Gut to brain dysbiosis: Mechanisms Linking Western Diet Consumption, the Microbiome, and Cognitive Impairment. Front Behavioural Neuroscience, 11, pp. 9-15.

[10] Goshen I., Kreisel T., Ounallah-Saad H., Renbaum P., Zalzstein Y., and Ben-Hur T . (2007). A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Psycho neuroendocrinology, 32, pp. 1106–1115.

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