| name
|
license
|
created
|
paradigm
|
influenced-by
|
typing
|
GC
|
tail call
|
pointers to functions
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| C
|
GPLv3
|
1972
|
imperative (procedural), structured
|
B (BCPL, CPL), ALGOL 68,Assembly, PL/I, Fortran
|
Static, weak, manifest, nominal
|
no
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
implementable
|
monads
|
| C++
|
GPLv3
|
1983
|
procedural, functional, object-oriented, generic
|
|
|
no
|
maybe
|
ptf
|
yes
|
yes
|
yes
|
implementable
|
monads
|
| Java
|
GNU General Public License, Java Community Process
|
1995
|
object-oriented (class-based), structured, imperative, generic, reflective, concurrent
|
|
|
yes
|
no
|
via interface?
|
yes
|
yes
|
yes
|
yes in Java 8
|
monads
|
| Scala
|
3-clause BSD license
|
2004
|
functional, object-oriented, imperative, concurrent
|
|
|
yes
|
no
|
ptf
|
yes
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Clojure
|
Eclipse Public License
|
2007
|
functional
|
Common Lisp, Erlang, Haskell, ML, Prolog, Scheme, Java, Ruby
|
dynamic, strong
|
yes
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Kotlin
|
Apache 2
|
2011
|
Object-oriented, procedural
|
Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu
|
static
|
yes
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Ruby
|
Ruby, GPLv2 or 2-clause BSD license
|
1995
|
object-oriented, imperative, functional, reflective
|
|
|
yes
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| JavaScript
|
license
|
1995
|
scripting, object-oriented (prototype-based), imperative, functional
|
Lua, Scheme, Perl, Self, Java, C, Python, AWK, HyperTalk
|
dynamic, duck
|
yes
|
no (maybe in ES6)
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Python
|
Python Software Foundation License
|
1991
|
object-oriented, imperative, functional, procedural, reflective
|
ABC, ALGOL 68, C, C++, Dylan, Haskell, Icon, Java, Lisp, Modula-3, Perl
|
duck, dynamic, strong, gradual (as of Python 3.5)
|
yes
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Go
|
BSD-style + patent grant
|
2009
|
compiled, concurrent, imperative, structured
|
Alef, APL, BCPL, C, CSP, Limbo, Modula, Newsqueak, Oberon, occam, Pascal, Python, Smalltalk
|
strong, static, inferred, structural
|
yes
|
no
|
yes
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Rust
|
license
|
2010
|
compiled, concurrent, functional, imperative, structured
|
|
|
no
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Erlang
|
Apache License 2.0
|
1986
|
concurrent, functional
|
Prolog, Smalltalk, PLEX
|
dynamic, strong
|
yes
|
yes
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Haskell
|
New BSD License (GHC)
|
1990
|
functional, lazy/non-strict, modular
|
Clean, FP, Gofer, Hope, Id, ISWIM, KRC, Lisp, Miranda, ML and Standard ML, Orwell, SASL, Scheme, SISAL, Agda, Bluespec, C++11/Concepts, C#/LINQ, CAL,[citation needed] Cayenne, Clean, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Curry, Elm, Epigram, Escher, F#, Frege, Hack, Idris, Isabelle, Java/Generics, LiveScript, Mercury, Omega, Perl 6, Python, Rust, Scala, Swift, Timber, Visual Basic 9.0
|
static, strong, inferred
|
yes
|
yes
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Racket
|
LGPL
|
1994
|
functional, procedural, modular, object-oriented, logic, reflective, meta
|
Scheme, Eiffel
|
Dynamic, strong, static
|
yes
|
yes
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Perl, Perl 6
|
GNU General Public License or Artistic License
|
1987
|
functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective, procedural, event-driven, generic
|
|
dynamic, static, gradual
|
yes
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Swift
|
|
2014
|
Multi-paradigm (protocol-oriented programming, object-oriented, functional, imperative, block structured)
|
C#, CLU, D, Haskell, Objective-C, Python, Rust, Ruby
|
Static, strong, inferred
|
no
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
implementable
|
monads
|
| Objective-C
|
|
1983
|
Reflective, class-based object-oriented
|
C, Smalltalk
|
static, dynamic, weak
|
no
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Pascal
|
depends on vendor
|
1970
|
Imperative, structured
|
|
Static, strong, safe
|
no
|
no
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
| Wolfram
|
Proprietary
|
1988
|
functional languages
|
|
term-rewriting, functional, procedural, array
|
no maybe
|
no maybe
|
ptf
|
encapsulation
|
polymorphism
|
inheritance
|
currying
|
monads
|
