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IBM - UK

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The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), nicknamed Big Blue,[1] is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York and present in over 175 countries.[2][3] It specializes in computer hardware, middleware, and software, and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 19 research facilities across a dozen countries, and has held the record for most annual U.S. patents generated by a business for 29 consecutive years from 1993 to 2021.[4][5][6]

IBM was founded in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), a holding company of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of punch-card tabulating systems. For the next several decades, IBM would become an industry leader in several emerging technologies, including electric typewriters, electromechanical calculators, and personal computers. During the 1960s and 1970s, the IBM mainframe, exemplified by the System/360, was the dominant computing platform, and the company produced 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.[7]

After pioneering the multipurpose microcomputer in the 1980s, which set the standard for personal computers, IBM began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors. Beginning in the 1990s, the company began downsizing its operations and divesting from commodity production, most notably selling its personal computer division to the Lenovo Group in 2005. IBM has since concentrated on computer services, software, supercomputers, and scientific research. Since 2000, its supercomputers have consistently ranked among the most powerful in the world, and in 2001 it became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.[7] As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.


Innovation

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IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. As of 2016, these offerings fall into the categories of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, commerce, data and analytics, Internet of things (IoT),[8] IT infrastructure, mobile, digital workplace[9] and cybersecurity.[10]

IBM Cloud includes infrastructure as a service (IaaS), software as a service (SaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid cloud delivery models. For instance, the IBM Bluemix PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM SoftLayer is a dedicated server, managed hosting and cloud computing provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.[11] IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using cryptographic splitting to secure customer data.[12]

IBM also hosts the industry-wide cloud computing and mobile technologies conference InterConnect each year.[13]

Hardware designed by IBM for these categories include IBM's Power microprocessors, which are employed inside many console gaming systems, including Xbox 360,[14] PlayStation 3, and Nintendo's Wii U.[15][16] IBM Secure Blue is encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors,[17] and in 2014, the company revealed TrueNorth, a neuromorphic CMOS integrated circuit and announced a $3 billion investment over the following five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.[18] In 2016, the company launched all-flash arrays designed for small and midsized companies, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.[19]


Locations

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Hursley

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IBM HURSLEY
IBM HURSLEY

IBM Hursley is a research and development laboratory belonging to International Business Machines in the village of Hursley, Hampshire, England. Established in Hursley House, an 18th-century Queen Anne style mansion in 1958, the facility has been instrumental in the development of IBM's software technologies since the 1950s.[20] It is still the home of development for CICS and MQ technology. Among the software developed by IBM Hursley is the Customer Information Control System (CICS), used in ATMs, which was the first Hursley product with a billion dollars in annual revenue.[21]


Warwick

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IBM WARWICK OFFICE
IBM WARWICK OFFICE

Warwick (/ˈwɒrɪk/ WORR-ik) is a market town, civil parish and the county town of Warwickshire in the Warwick District in England, adjacent to the River Avon. It is 9 miles (14 km) south of Coventry, and 19 miles (31 km) south-east of Birmingham. It is adjoined with Leamington Spa and Whitnash.

It has ancient origins and an array of historic buildings, notably from the Medieval, Stuart and Georgian eras. It was a major fortified settlement from the early Middle Ages, the most notable relic of this period being Warwick Castle, a major tourist attraction. Much was destroyed in the Great Fire of Warwick in 1694 and then rebuilt with fine 18th century buildings, such as the Collegiate Church of St Mary and the Shire Hall. The population was estimated at 37,267 at the 2021 Census.[22]


London (South Bank)

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IBM YORK ROAD
IBM YORK ROAD

IBM was founded in 1911 in Endicott, New York; as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924. IBM is incorporated in New York and has operations in over 170 countries.[23]

In the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of International Business Machines (IBM). Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;[24] Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);[25] Herman Hollerith (1860–1929) patented the Electric Tabulating Machine;[26] and Willard Bundy invented a time clock to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape in 1889.[27] On June 16, 1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) based in Endicott, New York.[28] The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto.[citation needed]

They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.[29] Watson joined CTR as general manager then, 11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.[citation needed] Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.[30]





REFERENCE

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  1. ^ "IBM100 - The Making of International Business Machines". www-03.ibm.com. March 7, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  2. ^ "Trust and responsibility. Earned and practiced daily". IBM Impact. June 27, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  3. ^ "10-K". 10-K. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  4. ^ Bajpai, Prableen (January 29, 2021). "Top Patent Holders of 2020". nasdaq.com. Nasdaq. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  5. ^ "2021 Top 50 US Patent Assignees". IFI CLAIMS Patent Services. January 5, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  6. ^ Gil, Darío (January 6, 2023). "Why IBM is no longer interested in breaking patent records–and how it plans to measure innovation in the age of open source and quantum computing". Fortune. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  7. ^ a b "IBM | Founding, History, & Products | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  8. ^ "IBM Investing $3B in Internet of Things". PCMAG. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  9. ^ "Digital workplace services | IBM". Digital workplace services | IBM. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  10. ^ "IBM Products". IBM. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  11. ^ "Data Center Knowledge – SoftLayer: $78 Million in First Quarter Revenue". May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  12. ^ "Cloud computing news: Security". ibm.com. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  13. ^ Lunden, Ingrid (February 22, 2016). "IBM Inks VMware, GitHub, Bitly Deals, Expands Apple Swift Use As It Doubles Down On The Cloud". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  14. ^ "IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch". IBM. October 25, 2005. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  15. ^ Staff Writer (June 8, 2011). "IBM microprocessors drive the new Nintendo WiiU console". mybroadband.co.za. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  16. ^ Leung, Isaac (June 8, 2011). "IBM's 45nm SOI microprocessors at core of Nintendo Wii U". Electronics News. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  17. ^ "Building a smarter planet". Asmarterplanet.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  18. ^ "New research initiative sees IBM commit $3 bn". San Francisco News.Net. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  19. ^ Dignan, Larry (August 23, 2016). "IBM launches flash arrays for smaller enterprises, aims to court EMC, Dell customers". ZDNet. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  20. ^ "IBM Hursley Park: Where Big Blue buries the past, polishes family jewels".
  21. ^ Horswill, John (2000). Designing and Programming CICS Applications. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 1-56592-676-5.
  22. ^ "WARWICK in Warwickshire (West Midlands) Built-up Area Subdivision". Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  23. ^ "10-K". 10-K. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  24. ^ Aswad, Ed; Meredith, Suzanne (2005). Images of America: IBM in Endicott. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-3700-4. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  25. ^ "Dey dial recorder, early 20th century". scienceandsociety.co.uk. UK Science Museum. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
  26. ^ "Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator". columbia.edu. Columbia University. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
  27. ^ "Employee Punch Clocks". floridatimeclock.com. Florida Time Clock. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
  28. ^ "Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital" (PDF). The New York Times. June 10, 1911. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  29. ^ Belden, Thomas Graham; Belden, Marva Robins (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson. Little, Brown and Co. pp. 89–93.
  30. ^ Belden (1962) p. 105
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