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Habitat and Behavior
[edit]Endozoicomonas are mutualistic organisms that have a symbiotic relationship with many marine animals. Found in all oceans of the world, they inhabit mostly in warm and mildly temperate waters located between the tropics, existing from the intertidal zone to the open ocean[1]. Their most common association is the one shared with corals, especially with those found in shallow waters, but can also thrive in deep-water corals as well, locating themselves in the soft epithelial tissue of these.[2][3]. Also, they have been found to share this relationship with many other invertebrates such as sponges, tunicates, sea slugs, and some mollusks[4].
The presence of Endozoicomonas in the marine ecosystem is associated with the overall coral health, serving as a marker of the general well-being of corals and the organisms that inhabit in coral reefs, as well as reducing the presence of pathogenic bacteria that may try to infect the coral[5]. Other functions associated to Endozoicomonas relate to amino acid and vitamin synthesis[6], in the production of metabolites while contributing with nitrogen and sulfur cycles[7], and to transfer organic molecules which avidly helps in the nutrition of its host[8][9], yet their exact function and the way in which their presence affects all these organisms is still yet to be determined.
During coral bleaching, Endozoicomonas populations remain present in the water in low amounts, indicating a certain level of resilience, and the absence of a healthy coral community leads to either migration or death of these bacteria[10]. Other environmental factors and stressors such as temperature changes, acidification of the ocean, and anthropogenic activities have a direct impact as well in the abundance of these microorganisms in their habitat.
- ^ Shiu, Jia-Ho; Tang, Sen-Lin (2019), Li, Zhiyong (ed.), "The Bacteria Endozoicomonas: Community Dynamics, Diversity, Genomes, and Potential Impacts on Corals", Symbiotic Microbiomes of Coral Reefs Sponges and Corals, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 55–67, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1612-1_5, ISBN 978-94-024-1612-1, retrieved 2021-12-06
- ^ Kellogg, Christina A. (2019-06-10). "Microbiomes of stony and soft deep-sea corals share rare core bacteria". Microbiome. 7 (1): 90. doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0697-3. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 6558771. PMID 31182168.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Kellogg, Christina A.; Pratte, Zoe A. (2021-09-02). "Unexpected diversity of Endozoicomonas in deep-sea corals". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 673: 1–15. doi:10.3354/meps13844. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ Bayer, Till; Arif, Chatchanit; Ferrier-Pagès, Christine; Zoccola, Didier; Aranda, Manuel; Voolstra, Christian R. (2013-04-08). "Bacteria of the genus Endozoicomonas dominate the microbiome of the Mediterranean gorgonian coral Eunicella cavolini". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 479: 75–84. doi:10.3354/meps10197. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ Camp, Emma F.; Suggett, David J.; Pogoreutz, Claudia; Nitschke, Matthew R.; Houlbreque, Fanny; Hume, Benjamin C. C.; Gardner, Stephanie G.; Zampighi, Marco; Rodolfo-Metalpa, Riccardo; Voolstra, Christian R. (2020-06-01). "Corals exhibit distinct patterns of microbial reorganisation to thrive in an extreme inshore environment". Coral Reefs. 39 (3): 701–716. doi:10.1007/s00338-019-01889-3. ISSN 1432-0975.
- ^ Jensen, Sigmund; Frank, Jeremy A; Arntzen, Magnus Ø; Duperron, Sébastien; Vaaje-Kolstad, Gustav; Hovland, Martin (2021-05-14). "Endozoicomonadaceae symbiont in gills of Acesta clam encodes genes for essential nutrients and polysaccharide degradation". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 97 (6). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiab070. ISSN 1574-6941.
- ^ Neave, Matthew J.; Apprill, Amy; Ferrier-Pagès, Christine; Voolstra, Christian R. (2016-10-01). "Diversity and function of prevalent symbiotic marine bacteria in the genus Endozoicomonas". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 100 (19): 8315–8324. doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7777-0. ISSN 1432-0614. PMC 5018254. PMID 27557714.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Morrow, Kathleen M.; Bourne, David G.; Humphrey, Craig; Botté, Emmanuelle S.; Laffy, Patrick; Zaneveld, Jesse; Uthicke, Sven; Fabricius, Katharina E.; Webster, Nicole S. (2015-04). "Natural volcanic CO2 seeps reveal future trajectories for host–microbial associations in corals and sponges". The ISME Journal. 9 (4): 894–908. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.188. ISSN 1751-7370.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Neave, Matthew J.; Michell, Craig T.; Apprill, Amy; Voolstra, Christian R. (2017-01-17). "Endozoicomonas genomes reveal functional adaptation and plasticity in bacterial strains symbiotically associated with diverse marine hosts". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 40579. doi:10.1038/srep40579. ISSN 2045-2322.
- ^ Shiu, Jia-Ho; Yu, Sheng-Ping; Fong, Chia-Ling; Ding, Jiun-Yan; Tan, Chih-Jui; Fan, Tung-Yung; Lu, Chih-Ying; Tang, Sen-Lin (2020). "Shifting in the Dominant Bacterial Group Endozoicomonas Is Independent of the Dissociation With Coral Symbiont Algae". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 1791. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01791. ISSN 1664-302X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)