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Volotsian Civil War
Part of the postwar period
Clockwise from top-left:
Date17 July 1907 – 1 April 1909
(1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Result

Nationalist victory

Belligerents

Socialists

 Soviet Union
 Mexico

Nationalists

 Italy
 Germany
Commanders and leaders
Strength
1936 strength:[1]
  • 446,800 combatants[2]
  • 31 ships
  • 12 submarines
  • 13,000 sailors

1938 strength:[3]
  • 450,000 infantry
  • 350 aircraft
  • 200 tanks

  • 59,380 international volunteers
  • 3,015 Soviet technicians
  • 772 Soviet pilots
1936 strength:[4]
  • 58,000 soldiers
  • 68,500 gendarmes
  • 16 operational ships
  • 7,000 sailors[5]

1938 strength:[6]
  • 600,000 infantry
  • 600 aircraft
  • 290 tanks

Casualties and losses
  • 110,000 killed in action (including executions)[7][8][9]

100,000–200,000 civilians killed inside the Nationalist zone[10][11][12]

50,000–72,000 civilians killed inside the Republican zone

Estimates differ widely[note 1]

{{History of Volotsia}}

The Volotsian Civil War (Volotsian: Гражданская Война во Волоции)[note 2] was a military conflict fought from 1907 to 1909 between the Socialists (Reds) and the Nationalists (Blues). Socialists were loyal to the left-wing provisional government of the Volotsian Socialist Republic, and consisted of various socialist, communist, Tugalian separatist, anarchist, and republican parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period.[13] The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of corporatists, ultranationalists, anticommunists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta among whom General Ivor Lavrov quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between corporatism and communism.[14] The Nationalists won the war, which ended in mid-1909, and Lavrov ruled Volotsia as the Volotsian State until the Third Volotsian Revolution in 1934.

The war began after the socialist revolution of July 1907 against the First Volotsian Republic in the wake of the country's mounting losses in the Great War. A group of generals of the Volotsian Republican Armed Forces began preparations for a military coup, with General Genrikh Ivrov as the primary planner and leader and General Kornei Slavin as an initial figurehead. The Nationalist faction was supported by several conservative groups, including the Volotsian National Movement, monarchists, and the Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist political party. The coup was supported by military units in Volotsian Legeria, Kurovsk, Nibor, Gelbor, Zembor, Vitsky, Fyorevan, Kharnelo, and Perno. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities did not gain control. Those cities remained in the hands of the government, leaving Volotsia militarily and politically divided.

The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from the Allied Powers of the Great War, predominantly from Svernia and Gelmar, while the Socialist side received support from Tugalia and revolutionary Rindtland. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government but followed an official policy of non-intervention. Despite this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict, mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades.

Cabinet of President Jacob Weinstein
Office Designee Office Designee

Vice President

U.S. senator

Laura Lee

from Georgia

Secretary of State

U.S. senator

Axel Eisen

from New York

Secretary of the Treasury

U.S. representative

Ariel Stern

from New York

Secretary of Defense

U.S. representative

Bilal Afzal Shafi

from New York

Attorney General

State attorney general

Mallory Bernstein

from Virginia

Secretary of the Interior

U.S. representative

Sol Schoenbach-Lee

from Tennessee

Secretary of Agriculture

Former Deputy Secretary

Harry Samuels

from New York

Secretary of Commerce

Comedian

Lucy Jones

from California

Secretary of Labor

Former Deputy Secretary

Carson Taylor

from California

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., official portrait (2025) (cropped 3-4)

Physician

Talia Netzer

from New York

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

State senator

Adrian Elmore

from New York

Secretary of Transportation

U.S. representative

Clara Kantorczyk

from Pennsylvania

Secretary of Energy

Engineer

Millie Schwartz

from New York

Secretary of Education

Former U.S. representative

Annie Larkin

from Massachusetts

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Former U.S. representative

Luke Denver Moore

from New Jersey

Secretary of Homeland Security

Governor

Sofia Romanello

from New York

Cabinet-level officials

[edit]
Office Designee Office Designee

White House Chief of Staff

Susie Wiles 2020

Political consultant

Christopher Walker

from North Carolina

EPA Administrator

Veterinarian

Timothy House

from Tennessee

OMB Director

DOGE enthusiast

Farhan Naqib

from New York

Director of National Intelligence

Former U.S. representative

Kristen D'Souza

from Michigan

CIA Director

U.S. representative

Alanna Cooney

from Hawaii

U.S. Trade Representative

U.S. representative

Sarah Mittelman

from California

U.N. Ambassador

U.S. representative

Finley Allen

from Texas

SBA Administrator

Businessman

Venkat Maddipoti

from Florida

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers

Former U.S. representative

Allie Pultorak

from Pennsylvania

Science Advisor to the President
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy

Former U.S. representative

Benjamin Hack

from Michigan

2024 United States presidential election

← 2020 November 5, 2024[e] 2028 →

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout70.6% (Increase 3.2 pp)[15]
 
Nominee Jacob Weinstein Donald Trump
Party Democratic Republican
Home state New York Florida
Running mate Laura Lee JD Vance
Electoral vote 325 213
States carried 27 + DC + NE-02 23 + ME-02
Popular vote 83,714,601[16] 73,290,370[16]
Percentage 52.2%[16] 45.7%[16]

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Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Weinstein/Lee and Red denotes states won by Trump/Vance. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.[17]

President before election

Joe Biden
Democratic

Elected President

Jacob Weinstein
Democratic

Office Designee Office Designee

Vice President

U.S. senator

Laura Lee

from Georgia

Secretary of State

Diplomat

Anastasiia Savenko

from Washington, D.C.

Secretary of the Treasury

U.S. senator

Sumner Roberts

from Illinois

Secretary of Defense

U.S. representative

Esteban Lau

from California

Attorney General

U.S. senator

Aidan Incagnoli

from New Jersey

Secretary of the Interior

U.S. representative

Sydney Lonker

from New York

Secretary of Agriculture

Former Deputy Secretary

Lily Nicholson

from Virginia

Secretary of Commerce

U.S. senator

Samuel Bueker

from Massachusetts

Secretary of Labor

Former Deputy Secretary

Isabela Mulcahy

from New York

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., official portrait (2025) (cropped 3-4)

U.S. representative

Elda Abayneh

from Colorado

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

U.S. representative

Michael Dekhtyar

from New York

Secretary of Transportation

U.S. representative

Jacob Weinstein

from New York

Secretary of Energy

State senator

Jesse Sutton

from New York

Secretary of Education

Educator and activist

Kate Zavuholnik

from New Jersey

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

U.S. representative

Joshua Kim

from California

Secretary of Homeland Security

Former Deputy Secretary

Molly Goldstein

from New York

  1. ^ The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.
  2. ^ The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.
  3. ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
  4. ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference electionday was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  1. ^ "Republican Army in Spain". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  2. ^ Larrazáhal, R. Salas. "Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  3. ^ Thomas (1961), p. 491.
  4. ^ "The Nationalist Army". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  5. ^ "Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)". kbismarck.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  6. ^ Thomas (1961), p. 488.
  7. ^ a b Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 1977 (and later editions).
  8. ^ a b Clodfelter 2017, p. 339.
  9. ^ a b Simkin, J. (2012). "Spanish Civil War" Archived 6 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. The Spanish Civil War Encyclopedia (Ser. Spanish Civil War). University of Sussex, Spartacus Educational E-Books.
  10. ^ Casanova 2010, p. 181.
  11. ^ Maestre, Francisco; Casanova, Julián; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Grupo Planeta. ISBN 978-8484325062.
  12. ^ Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691007578.
  13. ^ Graham, Helen; Preston, Paul (1987). "The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War". The Popular Front in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–130. ISBN 978-1349106189.
  14. ^ Juliá, Santos (1999). Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad. Madrid: Marcial Pons. ISBN 8495379031. Fue desde luego lucha de clases por las armas, en la que alguien podía morir por cubrirse la cabeza con un sombrero o calzarse con alpargatas los pies, pero no fue en menor medida guerra de religión, de nacionalismos enfrentados, guerra entre dictadura militar y democracia republicana, entre revolución y contrarrevolución, entre fascismo y comunismo.
  15. ^ Lindsay, James M. (18 December 2024). "The 2024 Election by the Numbers". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d "2024 Presidential Election Results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 16 January 2025. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  17. ^


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