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Final Article

Introduction Statement:

The photic zone is the uppermost layer of the ocean that receives sunlight enabling it to perform photosynthesis and undergoes physical processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column.

Photosynthesis in the Photic Zone:

In the photic zone, when the photosynthesis rate exceeds to respiration rate it is due to the abundant solar energy which is used as a food source for primary producers such as phytoplankton. These phytoplankton grow extremely quickly because the sunlight is able to have such a heavy influence so that it is produced at a fast rate. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis occurs in the photic zone. Therefore if we go deeper beyond the photic zone such as into the compensation point, there is little to know phytoplankton because the insufficiency of sunlight .

Life in Photic Zone

Ninety percent of marine life live in the photic zone which is approximately two hundred meters deep. This includes phytoplankton which include dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophorids, and cryptomonads. Some others feature zooplankton, the consumers of the photic zone. They are carnivorous meat eaters and herbivorous plant eaters. Next, copepods are the small crustaceans distributed everywhere in the photic zone and are actually the biggest group of animals on the planet. Finally there are nekton, which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest among all the groups. The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency of water. If the water is on the clearer side, the photic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet deep. The depth is roughly equivalent to one percent of the surface incident radiant energy penetrates. Moreover, the respiration rate is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other food webs.

Nutrients Uptake in the Photic Zone:

Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low layers of nutrient concentrations. As a result, phytoplankton don’t have enough nutrients due to high water-column stability . The spacial distribution of organisms can be controlled by a number of factors including physical: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, turbulent mixing such as the upward turbulent flux of inorganic nitrogen across the nutricline , as well as chemical: oxygen, trace elements, as well as biological: grazing, migrations. Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the photic zone to strengthen phytoplankton growth. Processes including resuspension; the remixing and upwelling eventually bring nutrient rich wastes back into the photic zone. The Ekman transport additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affects the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces ninety percent of Earth’s gaseous oxygen and phytoplankton, playing a major role, produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect to other species. Besides phytoplankton, many other animals also take home in this zone and utilize these nutrients. Majority of ocean life occur in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone in water volume. It can be seen that the photic zone, although small, has a large impact to those who reside in it.

Article's Content

PHOTIC ZONE

Article's Content:

The article is consistent in describing what is the photic zone and the aspects of it such as photosynthesis and light intensity. The other names and synonyms confused me such as euphotic because two things would mean one thing. It was also confusing because other zones were added such as the disphotic and aphotic zones which were connected to the photic zone but not about it. No information was out of date, but the article could've added information of examples of what marine life live in photic zone. What can be improved is the focus on the photic zone instead of describing other zones as well. It can also be stated how the Sechhi disk and photometer measure water transparency and what this information is used for. The scientific information is presented very clearly in a straight forward way. There are also links provided to other scientific terms in the article which were very helpful clarifying any unknown words such as compensation and attenuation.

Article's Tone:

The article's tone is very objective and describes things very factually.

Article’s sources:

The author used the Encyclopædia Britannica Online for information in his/her article and it does work and supports the claims in the article. This source is neutral and is very reliable.

Article’s talk page Sentence:

The article's talk page clears up any distinctions between terminology.

Article's talk page Paragraph:

The author asks questions regarding the definition of disphotic zone vs aphotic zone, how much of a synonym is epipelagic to photic, and the difference between euphotic and photic. He/She believes that epipelagic and photic are quite different because the photic zone is the sunlit zone where enough sunlight penetrates for photosynthesis. He states aquatic plant life flourish there and the depth alters on the daily. According to the author, epipelagic just means waters not the surface and have no guarantee of having sunlight, therefor it cannot be regarded as the same as photic zone.

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Bibliography

Structure and Biological Dynamics of the Oligotropic Ocean Photic Zone of the Hawaiian Islands

Citation:

Gundersen, KR (1976). “Structure and Biological Dynamics of the Oligotropic Ocean Photic Zone of the Hawaiian Islands.” Pacific Science. 30. Pg. 45-68.  https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2189/

Website: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8025020786886045806&hl=en&as_sdt=0,11&sciodt=0,11

(Click First PDF)

Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean‐color remote sensing

Citation:

Lee. ZhongPing (2007). “Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean‐color remote sensing”. Advancing Earth and Space Science. 112: Issue C3. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003802

Website: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006JC003802

Resource Competition and the Ecological Success of Phytoplankton

Citation:

Litchman, Elena (2007). “Resource Competition and the Ecological Success of Phytoplankton”. Science Direct. Chapter 16. Pg. 355-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012370518-1/50017-5

Website: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/B9780123705181500175?token=81BC458955813D02273C733A149D4243CBA7D084665C62FEC6FEF6997AFE3B59B8C3F92B4456B8B320E6335FF0F7400C

Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton

Citation:

Longhurst. Alan (1988). “Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton”. Science Direct. Pg. 881-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90065-9.

Website:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0198014988900659

Hydrocarbon-derived carbonate buildups of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope: A review of submersible investigations

Citation:

Roberts, Harry (1994). Hydrocarbon-derived carbonate buildups of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope: A review of submersible investigations. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Geo-Marine Letters. ISBN: 10.1007/BF01203725

Website: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF01203725.pdf

Draft Contributions

Introduction Statement:

The photic zone is the uppermost layer of the ocean and receives sunlight enabling it to perform photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis in the Photic Zone:

The photosynthesis rate exceeds to respiration rate because the abundant solar energy can be used as a food source for primary producers such as phytoplankton. Phytoplankton grows super quickly because the sunlight is able to produce these fast rates. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis occurs in this region. As we go deeper such as below the compensation point, there is little to know phytoplankton because the insufficiency of sunlight . Some of the phytoplankton that live here include dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophorids, cryptomonads and silicoflagellates. Ninety percent of marine life live in the photic zone that is around two hundred meters deep. The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency of water. If the water is on the clearer side, the euphotic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet deep. The depth of the photic zone is often detected using the Morel method. Moreover, the respiration rate is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other food webs.

Nutrients Uptake in the Photic Zone:

Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low layers of nutrient concentrations (Litchman). As a result phytoplankton don’t have enough nutrients due to high water-column stability . Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the euphotic zone to strengthen phytoplankton growth. Processes including resuspension, such as remixing and upwelling eventually bring nutrient rich wastes back into the photic zone. The Ekman transport additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affect the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces ninety percent of Earth’s gaseous oxygen and phytoplankton produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect to other species. Besides phytoplankton, many other animals also take home in this zone. Majority of ocean life occur in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone in water volume. It can be seen that the photic zone, although small, has a large impact to those who reside in it.

Final Article

Introduction Statement:

The photic zone is the uppermost layer of the ocean that receives sunlight enabling it to perform photosynthesis and undergoes physical processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column.

Photosynthesis in the Photic Zone:

In the photic zone, when the photosynthesis rate exceeds to respiration rate it is due to the abundant solar energy which is used as a food source for primary producers such as phytoplankton. These phytoplankton grow extremely quickly because the sunlight is able to influence so that it is produced at a fast rate. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis occurs in the photic zone. Therefore if we go deeper such as below the compensation point, there is little to know phytoplankton because the insufficiency of sunlight .

Life in Photic Zone

Some of the phytoplankton that live in the photic zone include dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophorids, and cryptomonads. Ninety percent of marine life live in the photic zone which is approximitely two hundred meters deep. These also include zooplankton, the consumers of the photic zone, which are carnivorous meat eaters and herbivorous plant eaters. Next, copepods are the small crustaceans distributed everywhere in the photic zone and are actually Finally there are nekton, which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest amongst all the groups. considered the largest group of animals on the planet.The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency of water. If the water is on the clearer side, the euphotic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet deep. The depth is roughly equivalent to one percent of the surface incident radiant energy penetrates. Moreover, the respiration rate is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other food webs.

Nutrients Uptake in the Photic Zone:

Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low layers of nutrient concentrations. As a result, phytoplankton don’t have enough nutrients due to high water-column stability . The spacial distribution of organisms can be controlled by a number of factors physical: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, turbulent mixing such as the upward turbulent flux of inorganic nitrogen across the nutricline as well as chemical: oxygen, trace elements as well as biological: grazing, migrations. Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the euphotic zone to strengthen phytoplankton growth. Processes including resuspension, such as remixing and upwelling eventually bring nutrient rich wastes back into the photic zone. The Ekman transport additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affect the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces ninety percent of Earth’s gaseous oxygen and phytoplankton produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect to other species. Besides phytoplankton, many other animals also take home in this zone. Majority of ocean life occur in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone in water volume. It can be seen that the photic zone, although small, has a large impact to those who reside in it.