User:Chelston-temp-1/Enclave and exclave diagram

Characteristics

Explicative diagram of territorial discontinuities: Enclaves and exclaves

Different territories (countries, states, counties, municipalities, etc.) are represented by different colours and letters; separated parts of the same territory are represented by the same colour and letter, with a different number added to each smaller part of that territory (the main part is identified by the letter only).

•   A:
  • possesses 3 exclaves (A1, A2 and A3): it is impossible to go from the main part of A to any of these parts going only through territory of A; however:
    • A1 and A2 are not enclaves: neither of them is surrounded by a single "foreign" territory;
    • A3 is an enclave: it is totally surrounded by B;
  • contains 1 enclave (E): "foreign" territory totally surrounded by territory of A;
  • possesses 2 counter-enclaves, or second-order enclaves (A4 and A5): territories belonging to A which are encroached inside the enclave E;
  • contains 1 counter-counter-enclave, or third-order enclave (E1).
•   B:
  • contains 2 enclaves (A3 and D).
•   C:
  • continuous territory.
•   D:
  • is an enclaved territory: it is territorially continuous, but its territory is totally surrounded by a single "foreign" territory (B).
•   E:
  • is an enclaved territory: it is inside A;
  • contains 2 enclaves (A4 and A5), which are counter-enclaves of A;
  • possesses 1 counter-enclave (E1), which is a counter-counter-enclave as viewed by A and contained within A5.

In topological terms, A and E are each (sets of) non-connected surfaces, and B, C and D are connected surfaces. However, C and D are also simply connected surfaces, while B is not (it has genus 2, the number of "holes" in B).