Jump to content

User:Cfennell2016/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A progenitor cell is a unipotent, or sometimes oligopotent, cell that directs differentiation. Like a stem cell, progenitor cells specify into particular cell types, however they are the direct predecessors to these cell types, unlike stem cells.[1] The main difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells have self-renewal capability and they can replicate indefinitely. Progenitor cells have less freedom in regard to their differentiation capability, and they have a finite amount of divisions. There are different types of progenitor cells that specify particular fates. For example, Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) differentiate into Endothelial type cells.[2]

The concept of progenitor cells is still evolving, therefore the exact definition is still being established.[3]

Research

[edit]

Progenitor cells have become a hub for research on a few different fronts. Current research on progenitor cells focuses on two different applications: regenerative medicine and cancer biology. Research on regenerative medicine has focused on progenitor cells, and stem cells, because their cellular senescence contributes largely to the process of aging.[4] Research on cancer biology focuses on the impact of progenitor cells on cancer responses, and the way that these cells tie into the immune response. [5]

The natural aging of cells, called their cellular senescence, is one of the main contributors to aging on an organismal level.[6] There are a few different ideas to the cause behind why aging happens on a cellular level. Telomere length has been shown to positively correlate to longevity.[7] [8] Increased circulation of progenitor cells in the body has also positively correlated to increased longevity and regenerative processes.[9] Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are one of the main focuses of this field. They are valuable cells because they directly precede endothelial cells, but have characteristics of stem cells. These cells can produce differentiated cells to replenish the supply lost in the natural process of aging, which makes them a target for aging therapy research.[10] This field of regenerative medicine and aging research is still currently evolving.

Recent studies have shown that Haematopoietic Progenitor Cells contribute to immune responses in the body. They have been shown to respond a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They also contribute to fighting infections by providing a renewal of the depleted resources caused by the stress of an infection on the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and other factors released in relation to infections will activate Haematopoietic Progenitor Cells to differentiate to replenish the lost resources. [11]

  1. ^ Horton, Patrick M. Lawrence, Brett E. Progenitor cells : biology, characterization and potential clinical applications. ISBN 978-1-62808-995-0. OCLC 868975184.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Asahara, Takayuki; Murohara, Toyoaki; Sullivan, Alison; Silver, Marcy; van der Zee, Rien; Li, Tong; Witzenbichler, Bernhard; Schatteman, Gina; Isner, Jeffrey M. (1997-02-14). "Isolation of Putative Progenitor Endothelial Cells for Angiogenesis". Science. 275 (5302): 964–966. doi:10.1126/science.275.5302.964. ISSN 0036-8075.
  3. ^ Seaberg, Raewyn M; van der Kooy, Derek (2003-03). "Stem and progenitor cells: the premature desertion of rigorous definitions". Trends in Neurosciences. 26 (3): 125–131. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00031-6. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Ahmed, Abu Shufian Ishtiaq; Sheng, Matilda HC; Wasnik, Samiksha; Baylink, David J; Lau, Kin-Hing William (2017). "Effect of aging on stem cells". World Journal of Experimental Medicine. 7 (1): 1. doi:10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.1. ISSN 2220-315X. PMC 5316899. PMID 28261550.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Wildes, Tyler J.; Flores, Catherine T.; Mitchell, Duane A. (2019-02). "Concise Review: Modulating Cancer Immunity with Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells: HSPCs as Immunomodulators in Cancer". STEM CELLS. 37 (2): 166–175. doi:10.1002/stem.2933. PMC 6368859. PMID 30353618. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  6. ^ Gilbert, Scott F., 1949-. Developmental biology. Barresi, Michael J. F., 1974- (Eleventh edition ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-1-60535-470-5. OCLC 945169933. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Boccardi, Virginia; Herbig, Utz (2012-08-01). "Telomerase gene therapy: a novel approach to combat aging". EMBO Molecular Medicine. 4 (8): 685–687. doi:10.1002/emmm.201200246. ISSN 1757-4676. PMC 3494068. PMID 22585424.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  8. ^ Bernardes de Jesus, Bruno; Vera, Elsa; Schneeberger, Kerstin; Tejera, Agueda M.; Ayuso, Eduard; Bosch, Fatima; Blasco, Maria A. (2012-08-01). "Telomerase gene therapy in adult and old mice delays aging and increases longevity without increasing cancer". EMBO Molecular Medicine. 4 (8): 691–704. doi:10.1002/emmm.201200245. ISSN 1757-4676. PMC 3494070. PMID 22585399.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Biehl, Jesse K.; Russell, Brenda (2009-03). "Introduction to Stem Cell Therapy:". The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 24 (2): 98–103. doi:10.1097/JCN.0b013e318197a6a5. ISSN 0889-4655. PMC 4104807. PMID 19242274. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ Balistreri, Carmela Rita. (2017). Endothelial progenitor cells : a new real hope?. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55107-4. OCLC 988870936.
  11. ^ King, K.; Goodell, M. (09 September 2011). "Inflammatory modulation of HSCs: viewing the HSC as a foundation for the immune response". Nature Reviews Immunology. 11: 685–692. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Cfennell2016/sandbox&oldid=951291512"