User:Brainbowboy/outline
Introduction
[edit]The fusiform gyrus, also know as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus, is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37.[1] The fusiform gyrus is located between the lingual gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus above, and the inferior temporal gyrus below.[2] Though the functionality of the fusiform gyrus is not fully understood, it has been linked with various neural pathways related to recognition. Additionally, it has been linked to various neurological phenomenon such as synesthesia and dyslexia.
Anatomy
[edit]The lateral and medial portions are separated by the shallow mid-fusiform sulcus.[3][4][5]
Function
[edit]The exact functionality of the fusiform gyrus is still disputed, but there is relative consensus on its involvement in the following pathways:
Processing of Color Information
[edit](see Color center)
In 2003, V.S. Ramachandran collaborated with scientists from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in order to identify the potential role of the fusiform gyrus within the color processing pathway in the brain. Examining the relationship within the pathway specifically in cases of synesthesia, Ramachandran found that synesthetes on average have a higher density of fibers surrounding the angular gyrus. The angular gyrus is involved in higher processing of colors.[6] The fibers relay shape information from the fusiform gyrus to the angular gyrus in order to produce the association of colors and shapes in grapheme-color synesthesia.[6] Cross-activation between the angular and fusiform gyri has been observed in the average brain, implying that the fusiform gyrus regularly communicates with the visual pathway.[7]
Face and Body Recognition
[edit](see Fusiform face area)
Brain imaging techniques have identified activity in this region while subjects observes faces. This has led to subsequent research studying the effect of stimulating the region with electrodes.[8] However, many scientists counter that this observation is only a correlation and that it does not indicate that the fusiform gyrus is the sole region involved in facial recognition. Additionally, the fusiform gyrus has been seen to have influence on the amygdala response to emotional faces.[9]
Word Recognition
[edit](see Visual word form area)
It is believed that the neurons in the left portion of the fusiform gyrus are used in word recognition. Similar to grapheme-color synesthesia, many synesthetes perceive certain words as possessing a distinct color or hue[10].
Within-Category Identification
[edit]After further research by scientists at MIT, it was concluded that both the left and right fusiform gyrus played different roles from one another, but were subsequently interlinked. The left fusiform gyrus plays the role of recognizing "face-like" features in objects that may or may not be actual faces whereas the right fusiform gyrus plays the role in determining whether or not the recognized "face-like" feature is, in fact, an actual face.[11]
Associated Neurological Phenomenon
[edit]The fusifomr gyrus has been speculated to be associated with various neurological phenomenon. Many are outlined below:
Prosopagnosia
[edit]Some researchers think that the fusiform gyrus may be related to the disorder known as prosopagnosia, or face blindness. Research has also shown that the fusiform face area, the area within the fusiform gyrus, is heavily involved in face perception but only to any generic within-category identification that is shown to be one of the functions of the fusiform gyrus.[12] Abnormalities of the fusiform gyrus have also been linked to Williams syndrome.[13] Fusiform gyrus has also been involved in the perception of emotions in facial stimuli.[14] However, individuals with autism show little to no activation in the fusiform gyrus in response to seeing a human face.[15]
Synaesthesia
[edit]Recent research has seen activation of the fusiform gyrus during subjective grapheme-color perception in people with synaesthesia.[16] The effect of the fusiform gyrus in grapheme sense seems somewhat more clear as the fusiform gyrus seems to play a key role in word recognition. The connection to color may be due to cross wiring of (being directly connected to) areas of the fusiform gyrus and other areas of the visual cortex associated with experiencing color.[17]
Dyslexia
[edit]The fusiform gyrus is said to have underactivated and show reduced gray matter density.[18]
Face Halucinations
[edit]Increased neurophysiological activity in the fusiform face area may produce hallucinations of faces, whether realistic or cartoonesque, as seen in Charles Bonnet syndrome, hypnagogic hallucinations, peduncular hallucinations, or drug-induced hallucinations.[19]
References
[edit]- ^ Nature Neuroscience, vol7, 2004
- ^ "Gyrus". The free dictionary. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
- ^ Weiner; et al. (2013). "The mid-fusiform sulcus: A landmark identifying both cyotarchitectonic and functional divisions of human ventral temporal cortex". NeuroImage. 84: 453–465. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.068.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last2=(help) - ^ Weiner; Grill-Spector (Oct 2010). "Sparsely-distributed organization of face and limb activations in human ventral temporal cortex". NeuroImage. 52 (4): 1559–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.262.
- ^ Nasr (2011). "Scene-selective cortical regions in human and nonhuman primates". J Neurosci. 31 (39): 13771–85. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2792-11.2011.
- ^ a b Ramachandran, V.S. (January 17, 2011). The Tell Tale Brain. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780393340624.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Hubbard EM, Ramachandran VS (November 2005). "Neurocognitive mechanisms of synesthesia" (PDF). Neuron (Review). 48 (3): 509–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.012. PMID 16269367.
- ^ Norton, Elizabeth (October 24, 2012). "Facial Recognition: Fusiform Gyrus Brain Region 'Solely Devoted' To Faces, Study Suggests". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
- ^ Pujol, J. (4/30/2009). "Study data from J. Pujol and colleagues update understanding of life sciences". Science Letter.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Bainbridge, David (January 15, 2008). Beyond the Zonules of Zinn: A Fantastic Journey Through Your Brain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674034587.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Trafton, A. "How does our brain know what is a face and what’s not?" MIT News
- ^ McCarthy, G et al. Face-specific processing in the fuman fusform gyrus.J. Cognitive Neuroscicence. 9, 605–610(1997).
- ^ A. L. Reiss, et al. Preliminary Evidence Of Abnormal White Matter Related To The Fusiform Gyrus In Williams Syndrome: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Study.Genes, Brain & Behavior 11.1, 62–68(2012)
- ^ Radua, Joaquim; Phillips, Mary L.; Russell, Tamara; Lawrence, Natalia; Marshall, Nicolette; Kalidindi, Sridevi; El-Hage, Wissam; McDonald, Colm; Giampietro, Vincent (2010). "Neural response to specific components of fearful faces in healthy and schizophrenic adults". NeuroImage. 49 (1): 939–946. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.030. PMID 19699306.
- ^ Carter, Rita. The Human Brain Book. p. 241.
- ^ Imaging of connectivity in the synaesthetic brain « Neurophilosophy
- ^ Pujol, J. (4/30/2009). "Study data from J. Pujol and colleagues update understanding of life sciences". Science Letter.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Clark, David (2005). The Brain and Behavior. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521549844.
- ^ Jan Dirk Blom. A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer, 2010, p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4419-1222-0