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-still need to do the plurilingual education section

Add examples/more info to the plurilingual education section

Add something about the uses of plurilingualism, it is mainly used in other countries but in the US most documents refer to this idea as multilingualism.

peer review suggested plurilingualism in media(don't think it is used a ton/would be a substantial enough section with the section on plurilingual education)

Also suggested plurilingualism in diplomatic setting/conflict resolution(don't know how much information is on this, most in practice info was about uses in education)


Article as of March 3

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Plurilingualism is a situation wherein a person who has competence in more than one language can switch between using multiple languages depending on the situation for ease of communication.[1] They are currently practicing multiple languages and are able to switch between them when necessary without too much difficulty.[2] Although plurilingualism is derived from bilingualism (also referred to as multilingualism), there is a difference between the two. Plurilingualism is used interchangeably with multilingualism and bilingualism, however these terms are different. Multilingualism is connected to situations wherein multiple languages exist side-by-side in a society, or individual but are utilized separately. In essence, multilingualism is the coexisting knowledge of separate languages while plurilingualism is the interconnected knowledge of multiple languages. In general, plurilinguals have had contact with languages not native to them through educational institutions, however the education system plays only a small role in the linguistic competence of these individuals.[3] Learning a second language is thought to stimulate someone's plurilingualism.[1]

Definition and Use

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Plurilingualism does not necessarily mean a person can speak is fluent in multiple languages, it means that a person can interchange more than one language with each other when a situation calls for it. A person is considered competent in plurilingualism when they can speak in one language while understanding another; and can switch between languages when appropriate and/or necessary.[4] According to the Council of Europe, plurilingualism can also be used to mediate conflict between those with no common language.[4] Researchers have even gone so far as to say that being able to understand different dialects and/or regional versions of one language opens the door for someone to be plurilingual.[2] People who are plurilingual tend to have better communicative sensitivity, creativity, and metalinguistic awareness.[5] The knowledge of multiple languages as well as the understanding of different cultures allows for the improved communicative skills. The advantages of plurilingualism seem to become greater the more languages someone learns.[5]

Plurilingualism was first equivalent to multilingualism when referencing plurilingual communities, where multiple languages were spoken in a community.[6] However, a distinction of plurilingualism was necessary to differentiate individual and and society. Plurilingualism was used to focus on the individual as the agent in the interaction of languages since multilingualism was societal contact of languages.[7]

Second Language Learners

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Historically during the formal learning of a second language, it has been common practice to maintain a clear division between the first and second language.[1] The division involves not speaking the first language while learning the second, as well as avoiding any reference to the elements of the first language. By not referencing the first language, instructors hope to develop in their students the same control of the language that native speakers have. This separation, referred to as a hard boundary, contrasts the soft boundary that comes with a plurilinguistic approach. An integrated curriculum, which utilizes the soft boundary, contrasts the different languages that are being taught and highlights the similarities and differences between the two. [1]

Plurilingual Education

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Plurilingual education has been an increasing form of education in Europe. It was first introduced to the education system in 1996, along with the idea of pluriculturalism.[4] According to the Council of Europe, it is imperative that students learn to be plurilinguists from a young age so that they can be not only be more competitive in an increasingly globalized world, but also be able to integrate within societies when needed to necessary .[8] The founding principles of plurilingual education is are the acceptance of cultural diversity, the right to use one's mother tongue as a form of communication, the right to gain experience and knowledge of another language, the acceptance that language is the core of human dialogue [9] One of the few things plurilingual education promotes is "an awareness of why and how one learns the language one has chose, a respect for the plurilingualism of others and the value of languages and varieties irrespective of their perceived status in society, and a global integrated approach to langue education in the curriculum."[8](this does not seem significant enough to directly quote)

Plurilingual education developed in the European Union due to the multilingual and multicultural communities throughout the European Union.[4] Other multilingual countries are beginning to use plurilingual education as well. Some communities in Canada are implementing plurilingual education due to the increasingly multilingual society. The Canadian education system is utilizing the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages as a basis for their plurilingual education.[10] Asian countries that are highly multilingual are also considering plurilingual education. South Asian countries have many mother-tongues, however economies and societies may be based on another language. Plurilingual education benefits the individuals of such countries by gaining functional competence in multiple languages and pluricultural competence.[11]


Plurilingualism and Pluricultural Competence

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Pluricultural competence is a consequence of plurilingualism. Pluricultural competence, on a basic level, is the understanding of several cultures. Rather than just learning another language or culture additional thing (language, culture), it is transforming your current knowledge as a whole.[2] Language and culture are interconnected, by learning a language an understanding of the culture is also gained. However, plurilingualism and pluricultural competence are not separately distinguished understandings of language and culture. As plurilingualism is the complex, hybrid understanding of multiple languages that build to form a larger understanding, pluricultural competence is the same.[12] The ability to comprehend and utilize culture in different situations is a valuable skill for individuals in multilingual societies. Depending on the social factors impacting a plurilingual at a time, their pluricultural competence is able to be altered to best adapt.[13] Being plurilingual and having pluricultural competence allows the speaker to choose words and phrases that best describe the situation, which would not be possible without having a blended context of both languages and cultures.[2]

Plurilingualism original article

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Plurilingualism is a situation wherein a person who has competence in more than one language can switch between languages – from one language to another and vice versa – according to the circumstances at hand for the purpose of coping with a social matter. There is a distinction between plurilingualism and multilingualism. Multilingualism, on the other hand, is connected to situations wherein multiple languages exist side-by-side in a society but are utilized separately.[14] Plurilingualism is derived from bilingualism. A consequence of plurilingualism is pluricultural competence.(define pluricultural competence) In general, persons who are identified as plurilinguals had contact with so-called 'foreign' languages through educational institutions, however the education system plays only a small role in the linguistic competence of these individuals.[15]

Notes:

the first source is not relevant to multilingualism and is no longer an active project


Plurilingualism and Pluricultural Competence

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Pluricultural competence is a consequence of plurilingualism. Pluricultural competence, on a basic level, is the understanding of several cultures. Language and culture are interconnected, by learning a language an understanding of the culture is also gained. However, plurilingualism and pluricultural competence are not separately distinguished understandings of language and culture. As plurilingualism is the complex, hybrid understanding of multiple languages that build to form a larger understanding, pluricultural competence is the same.[16] The ability to comprehend and utilize culture in different situations is a valuable skill for individuals in multilingual societies. Depending on the social factors impacting a plurilingual at a time, their pluricultural competence is able to be altered to best adapt.[17]

Plurilingualism Used in European Education

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[18]

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Sources that can be used:

Silver, R., & Bokhorst-Heng, W. (2013). Neither "Mono" nor "Multi": Plurilingualism and Hybrid Competence. TESOL Quarterly,47(3), 614-619. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43268037

Stratilaki, Sofia. "Plurilingualism, Linguistic Representations and Multiple Identities: Crossing the Frontiers." International Journal of Multilingualism, vol. 9, no. 2, 2012, pp. 189-201. ProQuest, http://proxyau.wrlc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1537584338?accountid=8285.

Hullen, Werner. "Identification and Communication Languages. on the Problems of Plurilingualism." Zeitschrift Fur Germanistische Linguistik, vol. 20, no. 3, 1992, pp. 298-317. ProQuest, http://proxyau.wrlc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/58254096?accountid=8285.

Clyne, Michael. "Towards a More Language-Centred Approach to Plurilingualism." BILINGUALISM: BEYOND BASIC PRINCIPLES. FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOUR OF HUGO BAETENS BEARDSMORE, Dewaele, Jean-Marc, Housen, Alex, & Li Wei Eds], Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2003, Pp 43-55. , 2003. ProQuest, http://proxyau.wrlc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/85597311?accountid=8285.

  1. ^ a b c d Gorter, Durk; Cenoz, Jasone (2013-09-01). "Towards a Plurilingual Approach in English Language Teaching: Softening the Boundaries Between Languages". TESOL Quarterly. 47 (3): 591–599. doi:10.1002/tesq.121. ISSN 1545-7249.
  2. ^ a b c d Lüdi, Georges; Py, Bernard (2009-05-01). "To be or not to be … a plurilingual speaker". International Journal of Multilingualism. 6 (2): 154–167. doi:10.1080/14790710902846715. ISSN 1479-0718. S2CID 145273873.
  3. ^ Council of Europe, PLURILINGUAL AND PLURICULTURAL COMPETENCE, 2009
  4. ^ a b c d "COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES: LEARNING, TEACHING, ASSESSMENT". Council of Europe.
  5. ^ a b Psaltou-Joycey, Angeliki; Kantaridou, Zoe (2009-11-01). "Plurilingualism, language learning strategy use and learning style preferences". International Journal of Multilingualism. 6 (4): 460–474. doi:10.1080/14790710903254620. ISSN 1479-0718. S2CID 145454611.
  6. ^ Denison, Norman (1970). "Sociolinguistic Aspects of Plurilingualism". Social Science. 45 (2): 98–101. ISSN 0037-7848. JSTOR 41963410.
  7. ^ Coste, Daniel; Moore, Danièle; Zarate, Geneviève (2009). "Plurilingual and Pluricultural Competence". Council of Europe.
  8. ^ a b "Plurlingual Education in Europe - 50 Years of International Co-operation" (PDF). Council of Europe. February 2006.
  9. ^ "Plurilingual and intercultural education: Definition and Founding Principles". Council of Europe.
  10. ^ Wernicke, Meike; Bournot-Trites, Monigue (2011). "Introducing the CEFR in BC: Questions and Challenges". The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 14 (2): 106–128.
  11. ^ Canagarajah, Suresh; Ashraf, Hina (2013). "Multilingualism and Education in South Asia: Resolving Policy/Practice Dilemmas". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 33: 258–285. doi:10.1017/S0267190513000068. ISSN 0267-1905. S2CID 143877134.
  12. ^ Silver, Rita Elaine; Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy D. (2013). "Neither "Mono" nor "Multi": Plurilingualism and Hybrid Competence". TESOL Quarterly. 47 (3): 614–619. doi:10.1002/tesq.107.
  13. ^ Moore, Danièle; Gajo, Laurent (2009). "Introduction – French voices on plurilingualism and pluriculturalism: theory, significance and perspectives". International Journal of Multilingualism. 6 (2): 137–153. doi:10.1080/14790710902846707. ISSN 1479-0718. S2CID 144611665.
  14. ^ Plurilingualism & Pluriculturalism, Action Oriented Plurilingual Language Learning Project, Keio Research Center For Foreign Language Education
  15. ^ Council of Europe, PLURILINGUAL AND PLURICULTURAL COMPETENCE, 2009
  16. ^ Silver, Rita Elaine; Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy D. (2013). "Neither "Mono" nor "Multi": Plurilingualism and Hybrid Competence". TESOL Quarterly. 47 (3): 614–619. doi:10.1002/tesq.107.
  17. ^ Moore, Danièle; Gajo, Laurent (2009). "Introduction – French voices on plurilingualism and pluriculturalism: theory, significance and perspectives". International Journal of Multilingualism. 6 (2): 137–153. doi:10.1080/14790710902846707. ISSN 1479-0718. S2CID 144611665.
  18. ^ El Euch, Sonia (2011). Plurilingualism: What is Known and What is Still to be Known ([Compact disc ed.] ed.). Valencia, Spain: International Association of Technology, Education and Development (IATED). ISBN 9788461474233. OCLC 781470710.
  19. ^ Silver, R., & Bokhorst-Heng, W. (2013). Neither "Mono" nor "Multi": Plurilingualism and Hybrid Competence. TESOL Quarterly,47(3), 614-619. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43268037

Good start evaluating the current article and locating additional sources. Have you started pulling these together and writing? -- Shannon

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