Umra Khan
Umra Khan | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Umra Khan | |
| Khan of Jandol | |
| In office 1881 – 11 September 1904 | |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Zaman Khan |
| Succeeded by | Nawabzada Shahabuddin Khan |
| Nawab of Dir | |
| In office 1890–1895 | |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Sharif Khan |
| Succeeded by | Muhammad Sharif Khan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1860 |
| Died | 11 September 1904 (aged 43–44) Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Resting place | Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Known for | Resistance against the British Raj |
| Nickname | The Afghan Napoleon |
Ghazi Khan Umra Khan of Jandol (c. 1860 – 1904), also called "The Afghan Napoleon",[1][2][3][4] was a Pashtun chief on the north-western frontier of British India, who was chiefly responsible for the Chitral Expedition of 1895 sent by the British authorities to relieve the fort at Chitral.[5] The expedition resulted in a British victory and Umra fled to Afghanistan.[6] Umra was the Khan of Jandol and captured the state of Dir and reigned as its Nawab from 1890 to 1895.[7][8] Umra briefly occupied Swat, Chitral and Bajaur. He also took over Kunar and Kafiristan regions of Afghanistan.
Life
[edit]He was the younger son of the Khan of Jandol who were a Tarkalani[a] ruling class; but he killed his elder brother, seized the throne, and made himself a power on the frontier.[5]
In 1894 he held undisputed sway over almost the whole of Bajour, when his restless ambition caused him to interfere in the internal affairs of Chitral. He instigated Afzal ul-Mulk, a son of Chitral's Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk, to murder his brother Nizam ul-Mulk, and then overthrew the fratricide and supported the claims of his uncle Sher Afzul to the throne. The Government of British India intervened and ordered Umra to leave Chitral. When he refused, the Chitral Expedition was despatched; Umra Khan was driven into exile in Afghanistan, and died there in 1904.[5][9][10][11][12] Winston Churchill, in his book titled the Malakand Field Force, has variously referred to him as "the most important man between Chitral and Pashawar." and "Afghan Napoleon".[13] The book was written by Churchill when he visited the area as a war correspondent with British Forces.
It is also known that Umra participated in the Ambela battle when he was only a few years old. Umra's grandfather participated in the battle along with three thousand fighters including Umra.
Umra became leader of the Dir state in 1881 in a very young age.
Churchill writes that after the Chitral expedition of 1895, Umra Khan was expelled from the territories he had captured, and escaped to Kabul.[14] In what Churchill called "all against all" in a power grab in these valleys, "[i]n Barwa itself, Umra Khan slew his brother, not in hot anger or open war, but coldly and deliberately from behind. Thus he obtained power..."[14]
Umra raised war against the British in 1896 and captured 120 British soldiers including officers named Edward. The captives later confirmed that they were well treated and were provided food of their choice.
References
[edit]- ^ Khalil, Jehanzeb (2000-01-01). Mujahideen movement in Malakand and Mohmand Agencies, 1900-1940. Area Study Centre University of Peshawar. p. 4.
- ^ Alder, G. J. (1964-01-01). British India's Northern Frontier. Longmans. p. 215.
- ^ Imperial Studies. s.n. 1963-01-01. p. 215.
- ^ Harris, John (1975-01-01). Much sounding of bugles: the siege of Chitral, 1895. Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091245900.
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Umra Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 577.
- ^ Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1895-01-01). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 132.
- ^ The Outlook. "The Outlook" publishing Company. 1898-01-01. p. 234.
- ^ Torrens-Spence, Johnny (2006-01-01). Historic Battlefields of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195978971.
- ^ Singh, K. Brahma (1990-01-01). History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background. Lancer International. ISBN 9788170620914.
- ^ Stewart, Jules (2013-09-23). The Khyber Rifles: From the British Raj to Al Qaeda. The History Press. ISBN 9780752495583.
- ^ "Umra Khan of Jandul - The Express Tribune". 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
- ^ King and His Navy and Army. 1903-01-01.
- ^ "The Story of the Malakand Field Force, by Sir Winston S. Churchill". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
- ^ a b "The Story of the Malakand Field Force, by Sir Winston S. Churchill". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
- ^ from which Umra Khan was from the Mast Khēl tribe